用振幅变化长短时均值比实现地震预警中P波自动拾取

地震P波到时快速、精确的自动拾取是实现地震预警的第一步。目前所有P波到时自动拾取方法都需要进一步考虑准确度问题,据此提出用"振幅变化"长短时均值比方法拾取P波到时。研究表明引进"振幅变化"作为特征函数比Allen的"振幅变化平方"更能突显地震波初至时刻的"突变"特征。对"振幅变化长短时均值比方法"和Allen的"振幅变化平方长短时均值比方法"进行抗噪音分析表明,在较低信噪比条件下,Allen方法不能准确地拾取P波到时,而新方法依然能较准确地拾取P波到时。在较高信噪比条件下,用两种方法拾取的160个M_S4.0地震P波到时,其误差大都在允许范围内,但新方法拾取的准确度略高。新方法可以看做是对长短时均值比方法的拓展。     

带有低通滤波的广义S变换在探地雷达层位识别中的应用

同其它分析时变信号的方法相比,S变换具有独特的优点.但是S变换的时窗函数形式固定,限制了其在信号分析和处理中的应用.针对这一问题,本文对S变换进行了改进和推广,在S变换的时窗函数中引入调节参数,同时将低通滤波函数融入其中,提出了一种广义S变换.通过调节参数大小来调节广义S变换的时间分辨率和频率分辨率,从而使该变换具有很强的适用性.本文使用该变换对实测探地雷达数据进行了层位识别研究,取得了较好的效果.     

基于地震信号波形形态差异的面波噪声稀疏优化分离方法

实际地震信号通常可表示为具有波形特征差异的多种基本波形信号的线性组合,如叠前道集中的工频干扰噪声与有效波信号、面波噪声与体波信号等.选择单一数学变换方法,往往不易实现地震信号的稀疏表示.近年来发展的形态成分分析理论,通过联合多种数学变换,可实现对复杂信号的稀疏表示.本文根据单道地震记录中面波与体波信号波形结构特征的差异性,提出一种基于形态成分分析的面波噪声衰减方法.针对面波的低频、窄带以及频散特性选择一维平稳小波变换作为其稀疏表示字典,而针对体波波形的局部相关特性选择局部离散余弦变换作为其稀疏表示字典,建立基于双波形字典的形态成分分析模型,通过求解该稀疏优化问题获得最终的信噪分离结果.理论模型和实际地震资料处理证实该方法不仅能够衰减单炮地震记录中的强面波干扰噪声,同时能够更好地保护有效信号的波形特征与频谱带宽,为地震资料的后续处理和分析提供良好的数据基础.     

基于Hilbert-Huang变换的地震瞬时属性提取方法及应用(英文)

希尔伯特—黄变换(Hilbert-Huang transform,HHT)是一种新的适合非平稳和非线性信号的分析方法,由于地震信号一般呈现出非平稳与非线性特性,因此HHT非常适合地震信号的分析。本文首先介绍了HHT中关于经验模态分解(Empirical Mode Decomposition,EMD)的实现过程,在此基础上分析了几种基于EMD获得本征模态函数(Intrinsic Mode Functions,IMF)来计算瞬时频率的算法,其中利用了两个采样间隔瞬时频率的平均来计算瞬时频率,较好地反映了地震信号频率成分随时间变化的特征。将该方法应用于四川东北部某地区海相碳酸盐岩地层三维地震叠后偏移数据处理,提取"三瞬"地震属性,与传统的希尔伯特变换提取的"三瞬"地震属性进行对比,结果表明基于HHT的"三瞬"地震属性结果具有更高的分辨率,IMF2的瞬时相位能够较好地刻画台地边缘生物礁相,IMF2的瞬时频率亦具有较好的分带性。将IMF2的"三瞬"地震属性与钻井等资料结合分析,能够更好地识别沉积相的分布。     

物理模型超声CT图像代数法重建和结构识别

本文采用木板、有机玻璃板制作二维物理模型,并在模型中加入三个大小不一、位置各异、用石膏充填的方洞。对两个物理模型布置相同的观测系统,形成相同的射线方式,在等间距矩形像素条件下,每条射线的积分步长（射线穿过单个像素的射线段长度）皆为常数。由超声仪器沿指定射线采集各条透射波射线的走时数据（即Radon变换线积分的“观测值”）。应用“代数重建法”（ART加法修正迭代法）求解Radon变换的离散化方程组,重建二维物理模型的CT数字图像。在重建的模型CT数字图像中,能够有效地识别出“石膏洞”的存在和位置,验证了“代数重建法”CT成像技术及其对模型结构识别的有效性。本文是ART加法修正迭代的基础性应用工作,可为有关部门提供“代数重建法”CT成像实际应用参考。     

S变换在定点形变观测中的应用

应用S变换,对比分析湖州地震台秒采样定点形变观测到新疆皮山县6.5级地震的频谱动态演化特征,VP倾斜仪和JCZ地震计记录的地震波较为相似,不同的震相有不同的周期,有显著的震相特征,但SSQ倾斜仪不同震相的周期没有显著的差异性。     

基于广义模型约束的时间域航空电磁反演研究

由于航空电磁具有海量数据,因此快速有效的成像和反演手段至关重要.本文针对层状介质模型推导与实现了广义模型约束条件下时间域航空电磁一维反演.从正则化反演的目标函数出发,通过改变模型约束项构造Lp范数反演和聚焦反演,进而通过改变模型求解域构造出基于小波变换的稀疏约束反演.针对不同反演方法目标函数的构建方式,本文进一步从数学原理上分析不同反演方法的预期效果,并通过理论模型和实测数据进行验证.结果表明L0.8范数反演、聚焦反演和基于小波变换的稀疏约束反演可以得到更符合地下层状介质陡变界面的反演结果.

     

Spectral Simulation and Conditioning to Local Continuity Trends in Geologic Modeling

Spectral simulation has gained application in building geologic models due to the advantage of better honoring the spatial continuity of petrophysical properties, such as reservoir porosity and shale volume. Distinct from sequential simulation methods, spectral simulation is a global algorithm in the sense that a global density spectrum is calculated once and the inverse Fourier transform is performed on the Fourier coefficient also only once to generate a simulation realization. The generated realizations honor the spatial continuity structure globally over the whole field instead of only within a search neighborhood, as with sequential simulation algorithms. However, the disadvantage of global spectral simulation is that it traditionally cannot account for the local information such as the local continuity trends, which are often observed in reservoirs and hence are important to be accounted for in geologic models. This disadvantage has limited wider application of spectral simulation in building geologic models. In this paper, we present ways of conditioning geologic models to the relevant local information. To account for the local continuity trends, we first scale different frequency components of the original model with local-amplitude spectrum ratios that are specific to the local trend. The sum of these scaled frequency components renders a new model that displays the desired local continuity trend. The implementation details of this new method are discussed and examples are provided to illustrate the algorithm.     

Middle to late Triassic mélange exhumation along a pre-Andean transpressional fault system: coastal Chile (26°–42° S)

Mélanges occur as discontinuous, mappable, units along an extensive N–S-trending, steeply dipping zone of distributed shear in metamorphic complexes along the coast of central Chile. Large mélange zones, from north to south, near Chañaral, Los Vilos, Pichilemu, and Chiloé Island, contain variations in lithologic and structural detail, but are consistent in exhibiting cross-cutting fabric features indicating a progressive transition from earlier ductile to more brittle deformation. In the Infiernillo mélange near Pichilemu, Permian to Early Triassic, sub-horizontal schistosity planes of the Western Series schist are disrupted, incorporated into, and uplifted along high-angle, N–S- to NNE–SSW-trending brittle–ductile shears. Mylonitic and cataclastic zones within the mélange matrix indicate active lateral shear during cumulative exhumation from depths exceeding 12 km in some areas. Exotic lithologies, such as Carboniferous mafic amphibolite and blueschist, formed during earlier Gondwanide subduction, match well with similar rocks in the Bahia Mansa to Los Pabilos region 750 km to the south, suggesting possible dextral offset. The development of the Middle to Late Triassic, N–S=trending, near-vertical shear zones formed weaknesses in the crust facilitating later fault localization, gravitational collapse, and subduction erosion along the continental margin. The length and linearity of this zone of lateral movement, coincident with a general hiatus of regional arc magmatism during the Middle to Late Triassic, is consistent with large-scale dextral transpression, or possible transform movement, during highly oblique NNE–SSW convergence along the pre-Andean (Gondwana) margin. The resultant margin parallel N–S-trending shear planes may be exploited by seismically active faults along the present coastal area of Chile. The palaeo-tectonic setting during the transitional period between earlier Gondwanide (Devonian to Permian) and later Andean (Late Jurassic to present) subduction may have had some similarity to the presently active San Andreas transform system of California.     

冲刷桥墩基础的HHT振动频谱特性分析与判读研究

尝试以移动车流为振动源,在明显受冲刷与未受冲刷桥墩系统上方一侧布设讯号传感器,接收桥梁下部结构因振动源所产生的振动讯号。再以经验模态分解法EMD与希尔伯特黄转换HHT作为讯号分解与振动频谱解析的方法,针对桥墩系统（桥梁下部结构）的Y方向振动讯号进行解析与判读。于EMD分析过程中导入间断性准则进行振动讯号分解。针对完整（未裸露）桥墩系统（P1）,与跨河冲刷桥段桥墩系统（P2）的Y方向,进行频谱解析与比对探讨。由研究结果可知,EMD讯号分解过程可能产生模态混合现象,导致HHT图形中产生频率损失以及可判读区间缩短的现象。借由间断性准则的应用,可有效解决这些问题,获得判读性较高的HHT频谱图与边际频谱图。此外,HHT频谱图所得结果证实,桥墩系统Y方向的瞬时频率变化为一频宽带,其区间范围约在1～4 Hz之间。而由边际频谱图中可知,P1、P2的频率能量分别集中于2.5 Hz与1.7 Hz,可知P2的整体系统刚度小于P1。据此,明显受冲刷桥墩系统P2,其承载能力弱化的现象得以由HHT方法中明显呈现。