松潘地区岩金统计成矿予测中泛克立格法的应用

川西北地区是国内重要的岩金普查靶区。本文对松潘地区的地质特征,泛克立格法原理,及在本区的应用情况作了介绍,对主要计算步骤,给出基本结果,对计算获得的有意义异常区,进行地质解释,并将此方法与趋势面分析进行对比。     

Why is Shirase Glacier turning its flow direction eastward?

We applied an image correlation method to Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1 (JERS-1) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data obtained from 1996 to 1998 to examine flow velocity within Shirase Glacier, Antarctica. From the grounding line to the downstream region of the glacier, the obtained ice-flow velocity was systematically higher on the western streamline than the eastern. The differences between the two streamlines were 0.31 km/a in 1996 and 0.37 km/a in 1998, significantly larger than the error estimate of 0.03 km/a. The direction of ice flow was about 312° at the grounding line and changed to 327° at 10 km, 346° at 20 km and 2° at 30 km downstream from the grounding line. The total accumulated deflection is 50° to the east. Under the assumption of the conservation of ice mass across the glacier, the observed eastward change in flow direction can be explained by an asymmetric deepening of bedrock topography, that is, across the 8 km width of the glacier, the eastern side is 50 m (10%) deeper than the western side. This eastward turning of flow direction appears to be accelerated by tributary inlets, that flow to the north and northeast at 60–75% of the velocity of inlets on the western streamline.     

青藏高原东部地壳物质流变模型及汶川地震机理探讨

利用GPS、大地电磁、P波层析成像等数据分析了青藏高原东部地壳运动情况和中下地壳物质流的分布及运动情况,提出了青藏高原东部地壳物质流变模型,认为在青藏高原东部存在两条巨大的、具有固定通道和边界的弱物质流,其他区域则有离散的、不均匀的弱物质流分布。巴颜喀拉块体内部的弱物质流在向东流至龙门山断裂带时,大部分弱物质沿断裂带向南北方向分流,小部分弱物质在断裂带附近沉积、上涌,造成通道堵塞,最终引发了汶川地震。     

浅谈北京规划市区1:500地形图数字化测绘

地形图为国民经济建设和社会各行各业的发展提供测绘保障,它是城市规划设计、市政工程建设、工业与民用建筑、土地开发利用、防灾减灾等各方面的基础数据之一。本文结合北京城市基础测绘工作,以《BSCS G2000》测图软件为例,简述大比例尺数字化地形图的作业流程,地形要素取舍及检查验收工作。     

Mapping spatio-temporal flood inundation dynamics at large river basin scale using time-series flow data and MODIS imagery

Flood inundation is crucial to the survival and prosperity of flora and fauna communities in floodplain and wetland ecosystems. This study tried to map flood inundation characteristics in the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia, utilizing hydrological and remotely sensed data. It integrated river flow time series and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images to map inundation dynamics over the study area on both temporal and spatial dimensions. Flow data were analyzed to derive flow peaks and Annual Exceedance Probabilities (AEPs) using the annual flood series method. The peaks were linked with MODIS images for inundation detection. Ten annual maximum inundation maps were generated for water years 2001–2010, which were then overlaid to derive an inundation frequency map. AEPs were also combined with the annual maximum inundation maps to derive an inundation probability map. The resultant maps revealed spatial and temporal patterns of flood inundation in the basin, which will benefit ecological and environmental studies when considering response of floodplain and wetland ecosystems to flood inundation.     

Regional hydrologic mapping of flows in stream networks

River low flow (LF) is an important hydrological characteristic used in management of the quantity and quality of water resources. A common way to transpose at-station low flow quantiles to ungaged locations involves development of regional multivariate regression models. In site selection studies of water control facilities, need arises to automate the mapping of LF characteristics onto the stream network in a continuous manner. This would allow estimation of LF at any desired ungaged location. A mapping algorithm is introduced that determines the value of regression model's independent variables (input components) over the drainage area of each stream pixel and calculates the flow (output). The mapping algorithm relies mainly on the digital elevation model (DEM) and its derivatives, such as flow direction and flow accumulation. Furthermore, the contribution of each independent variable of the regional model to the total flow may be plotted to represent the flow profiles along the streams. A case study involving LF mapping in rivers of Gilan province, Iran, where LF quantiles are required for issuing water withdrawal permits as well as maintaining water quality standards, is also described in the paper. Overall, the maps and profiles of flow statistics in the region of interest provide convenient visualization and assessment tools for water resource and environmental engineers. The transposition algorithm may also be applied in regional mapping of other flow characteristics such as flood or average flows.     

格网DEM上径流长度计算误差的定量分析

基于格网DEM的径流长度的计算误差主要来源于DEM数据和流径提取算法。通过数据独立的误差分析方法,定量分析流径提取算法模型产生的误差。首先选取5种数学曲面作为模拟DEM数据源,计算出径流长度,以由曲面公式推导的径流长度公式计算的径流长度作为理论真值,通过两者的对比,分析误差及其空间分布。结果表明,汇水区的径流长度计算精度明显高于分水区;分水区的径流长度含有一定的系统误差。     

树状河系主流的自动推理

分析了不同类型河系的空间特征,对非网状河系以180°假设和锐角假设为基础,改进了自动确定河段流向的定量化决策表,当出现流向冲突时,遵守少数服从多数的原则。参考河段的流向、节点处分支河段的累计河段数和累计长度,能自动推理出树状河系的主支流关系。在此基础上,进一步研究了树状河系的编码方法,并用实例验证了所提出的算法。     

RTK技术在沛县新城区图根控制测量中的应用

叙述了RTK技术在沛县新城区图根控制测量中的应用,通过比较分析说明：RTK的测量精度完全能够满足1：500地形测图图根控制的精度要求。     

基于水流路径分析的雪线数字提取

基于水流路径分析的思路,提出一种雪线自动提取方法。该方法利用对水流路径上积雪覆盖信息逐像元对比,记录最下点位置形成积雪区下边缘点,顺次连接各点形成雪线;在此基础上,探讨了多年平均雪线的求算。研究表明,该方法可避免雪盖内部积雪空缺区域对下边缘线提取的影响,较好地提取积雪区的下边缘线,初步实现了雪线的数字提取;并可较为方便地进行多个时期雪线的时空变化对比分析。利用该方法并结合遥感影像数据,可为大范围雪线时空分异信息的快速、准确提取与分析奠定基础。