Hydrocarbon Generation Characteristics of Source Rocks from Different Saline Environments in the Dongpu Depression,Bohai Bay Basin,China

The Dongpu Depression is a secondary salt-bearing tectonic unit in the Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China. The depositional environment of this depression regarding its Paleogene strata is clearly different in plane, including the saltwater environment(SE) in the north, the freshwater environment(FE) in the south and the brackish water environment(BE) in the middle. The result of oil and gas exploration in the Dongpu Depression shows that more than 90% of the proven oil reserves are distributed in the northern saltwater environment. Previous studies indicate that the organic geochemistry characteristics and the hydrocarbon generation capacity of the source rocks are very clearly diverse under different environments, which results in the significant differences in the proved reserves between the north and the south. In order to further explore the differences in the hydrocarbon generation capacity of the source rocks under distinct depositional environments and the mechanism of their occurrence, three samples from different depositional environments(W18-5 for SE, H7-18 for BE, CH9 for FE) were used for confined gold tube pyrolysis experiments. The results show that the CH4 yields of W18-5, H7-18 and CH9 increase with increasing temperature, the maximum yields being 405.62 mg/g TOC, 388.56 mg/g TOC and 367.89 mg/g TOC, respectively. The liquid hydrocarbon yields of W18-5, H7-18 and CH9 firstly increase with increasing temperature and then decrease after the critical temperatures. The maximum yields of C6-14 are 149.54 mg/g TOC, 140.18 mg/g TOC and 116.94 mg/g TOC, the maximum yields of C14+ being 852.4 mg/g TOC, 652.6 mg/g TOC and 596.41 mg/g TOC, respectively for W18-5, H7-18 and CH9. To summarize, the order of hydrocarbon potential from high to low is W18-5, H7-18 and CH9. On this basis, through analyzing the influencing factors of hydrocarbon differences, this paper reveals that the saltwater environment is characterized by 4 factors: higher salinity, halophilic algae, high paleo-productivity and a strongly reducing environment, which are beneficial to the enrichment of organic matter and lead to the formation of high levels of sapropelite and exinite. According to the variation of oil and gas components in the pyrolysis experiments, the hydrocarbon generation process is divided into three stages: kerogen cracking, oil cracking and C2-5 cracking. Combined with hydrocarbon generation characteristics and stages, the evolutionary model of hydrocarbon generation for source rocks under different environments is established.     

Architectures and evolution of arid alluvial fans: Insights from a flume experiment

Using time-lapse cameras and a 3D laser scanner,74 groups of geomorphic data of alluvial fans were obtained through flume experiments. Then a detailed sedimentary analysis based on these data was performed by using a quantitative software to reveal the sedimentary evolution process of the arid alluvial fan and its depositional architecture. Results suggest that there are obvious differences in hydrodynamics,water flow patterns and growth pattern during the evolution of arid alluvial fans. Based on these differences,the experiment is divided into three stages,including an early,middle,and late stage. In the early stage,the fan surface hydrodynamics was relatively strong,and the sheet flow dominated the deposition. According to the distribution of sheet flow deposits,it can be divided into wide-spread sheet flow deposition and local sheet flow deposition. In the middle period of the experiment,the hydrodynamic strength and expansion rate at the middle-distal part of the fan body reduced. The non-confined channel which is close to the source dominated the deposition,and terminal lobe was mainly deposited on the edge of the river channel. In the late stage of the experiment,the hydrodynamic further reduced causing by the large fan surface and confined channels were the main deposits. Through the flume experiment,an arid alluvial fan depositional architecture model with a three-layer structure has been established. The bottom layer is of a sheet flow lobe complex,the middle layer is characterized by unconfined channels and terminal lobes,and the top layer is constituted by stacked confined channels and small terminal lobes.     

植草沟滞蓄城市道路雨水的试验及模拟

为定量分析植草沟的水文性能,优化其设计参数取值,通过植草沟滞蓄城市道路雨水的试验设施开展模拟径流试验,验证了SWMM （storm water management model）模型模拟植草沟滞蓄效果的可行性,通过模型情景分析提出了设施的优化设计参数,评估了设施对提高道路排水标准和长期径流削减的影响。研究结果表明:SWMM模型对模拟植草沟水文性能具有较好的精度,对较小的降雨重现期和边坡比,较大的滞蓄深度、植被覆盖率和面积负荷比,植草沟的滞蓄能力更强,建议其设计降雨重现期不超过10年,滞蓄深度为10 cm以上,边坡比至少为3,植被覆盖率为0.5以上,面积负荷比为5%以上。模拟北京某城市道路采用植草沟设施后,可将3年、5年、10年的排水标准分别提高到15年、20年、30年,在长达64年的运行中,植草沟几乎可消纳自身及汇水区域内所有径流,可为道路植草沟的设计和应用提供参考。     

农户土地转出行为调查与分析

以成渝城乡统筹区农地转出户为研究对象,根据农地转出率的大小将农户分为完全转出户、高度转出户和基本转出户,运用多元线性回归模型和OLS回归模型对农户农地转出行为的影响因素及收入效应进行分析。研究结果表明:成渝城乡统筹区农地转出户的农地转出率不尽相同,完全转出户、高度转出户和一般转出户并存,农地转出方式和转出对象虽然存在多样性,但农地仍以小规模分散转出为主;稳定的非农收入、政府的积极推动以及合理的农地转出价格促进了农户农地转出率的提高,而土地细碎化和较多的家庭常年务农人口数量在一定程度上阻碍了农户农地转出行为;农户农地转出是一种理性决策行为,农地转出率越高,农户的收入效应就越明显,收入由多至少依次为完全转出户、高度转出户和一般转出户。     

断裂带油气幕式运移:来自物理模拟实验的启示

断裂结构对油气运移的影响是当前油气输导体系研究的前沿与薄弱环节。本文在调研断裂结构及其流体流动机制的基础上,利用物理模拟实验研究断裂带油气幕式运移过程,探讨断裂带油气运移机理及相关问题。实验结果表明,断裂内部结构控制着油气运移的路径和方式,含油饱和度在一定程度上影响油气运移的路径;破碎带是油气幕式运移的优势通道,且油气聚集成藏的潜在圈闭为位于油源断裂主动盘一侧的圈闭。单次幕式充注过程中运移量与时间之间的对数型关系表明,流体沿断裂幕式运移具有非线性流的特征,且流动速率可能介于一个相对固定的范围,其数量级约为10~2~10~3m/a;流体沿断裂幕式流动过程包含高速非线性流、过渡流动机制和线性达西流3种流体流动机制,其间的相互转换是一个多物理场相互作用的复杂过程。此外,断层体油气藏的形成条件为油气沿断裂运移时,运移动力与阻力在断裂带内达成平衡状态。     

Linkam热台与热液金刚石压腔的熔体包裹体均一实验对比研究

熔体包裹体均一实验是利用熔体包裹体研究原始岩浆演化和挥发分组成的基础。目前,开展包裹体均一温度实验的设备主要为Linkam系列的高温热台,而热液金刚石压腔(HDAC)是近年来才被应用到熔体包裹体均一实验中的。文章以义兴寨金矿床石英斑岩为例,对比研究了Linkam TS1500高温热台和HDAC在熔体包裹体均一实验应用中的优劣。利用Linkam TS1500高温热台得出熔体包裹体的均一温度范围为943~1190℃,而HDAC的测试结果为780~890℃。实验研究表明:HDAC能够在加热的同时提供接近熔体捕获条件的外压,更适于开展富挥发分的高内压熔体包裹体的均一实验。实验过程中得到的熔体包裹体固相初熔温度范围,可为估算义兴寨金矿床石英斑岩原始岩浆晚期结晶的压力提供依据。     

光学与微波数据协同反演农田区土壤水分

光学和微波协同遥感反演对于提高农田土壤水分遥感反演精度十分重要。本文采用SMEX02数据集,研究了L波段土壤发射率与地表土壤水分之间的关系,分析了地面植被覆盖对L波段土壤发射率与地表水分之关系的影响规律,推导了以L波段土壤发射率和归一化植被指数NDVI为自变量的土壤水分反演模型。研究表明:L波段土壤发射率与地表土壤水分之间的相关性随NDVI的增加而下降。验证结果表明,本文算法相对常规经验算法,土壤水分反演精度明显提高,H极化条件下,土壤水分的反演精度RMSE由0.0553提高到0.0407,相关系数R2由0.70提高到0.81;V极化条件下,反演精度RMSE由0.0452提高到0.0348,相关系数R2由0.79提高到0.86。     

Experimental investigation of the morphodynamic response of riffles and pools to unsteady flow and increased sediment supply

Gravel-bed rivers characteristically exhibit shallow riffles in wide sections and deeper pools where the channel becomes constricted and narrow. While rivers can adjust to changing flow and sediment supply through some combination of adjustments of channel slope, bed-surface sorting, and channel shape, the degree to which riffle-pools may adopt these changes in response to changing flows and sediment supplies remains unclear. This article presents results from a flume experiment investigating how constant- and variable-width channels adjust their morphology in response to changing flow and increased sediment supply. Two flume geometries were used: (1) constant-width and (2) variable-width, characterized by a sinusoidal pattern with a mean width equal to that of the first channel. The variable-width channel developed bed undulations in phase with the width, representing riffle-pools. The experiment consisted of three phases for each flume geometry: (1) steady flow, constant sediment supply; (2) unsteady flow, constant sediment supply; and (3) unsteady flow, doubled sediment supply. Unsteady flow was implemented in the form of repeated symmetrical stepped hydrographs, with a mean discharge equal to that in the steady flow phase. In all phases the bed and sediment supply were composed of a sand/gravel mixture ranging from 1 to 8 mm. In both the straight and variable-width channels, transitioning from steady flow to repeated hydrographs did not result in significant changes in bed morphology. The two channel geometries had different responses to increased sediment supply: the slope of the straight channel increased nearly 40%, while the variable-width channel reduced the relief between bars and pools and decreased the variability in cross-sectional elevation with a slight slope increase. Bar-pool relief varied with repeat discharge hydrographs. Pool elevation changed twice the distance of bar elevations, emphasizing the relevance of pool scour for riffle-pool self-maintenance in channels with width variations.     

非地理信息系统专业GIS课程实验教学改革与探索

以平顶山学院省级特色专业-资源环境与城乡规划管理专业(以下简称"资环"专业)环专业为例,对GIS课程的性质及GIS教学中存在的问题进行分析,构建非GIS专业GIS课程实验教学内容体系,探索项目教学法在实验教学中的应用,并针对该课程试验教学改革提出几点建议。     

新疆玛河安集海灌区给水度变化规律及试验研究

在对新疆玛纳斯河流域安集海灌区进行地表水地下水转换机理和联合调度研究及利用各类集总式、分布式水文模型进行地下水数值模拟时,给水度都是一个十分重要的输入参数。分析研究区的基本地质情况,选取比较有代表性的地块,利用给水度参数测定装置分别测定常值给水度、变值给水度,揭示该区域给水度随地下水埋深的变化规律。试验得出：在计算地下水降雨入渗补给量和灌溉入渗补给量时要用到给水度这一参数,特别是在地下水埋深不大的地区,对计算成果有比较明显的影响;在地表排水沟设计中,如果考虑了给水度随埋深而变的情况,排水沟的尺寸就会发生变化。