面向城市平原地区暴雨积涝汇水区分级划分的方法研究

汇水区划分是分布式水文模型计算的基础。针对现有方法使用DEM在平原城市地区划分的汇水区不符合实际地形情况,本文提出了一种面向城市平原地区分级划分汇水区的技术方法。该方法从城市用地分类角度出发将城市分为中心城区和郊区,依据城市排水主干水系进行汇水区一级划分,将影响中心城区和郊区的不同径流因子分别融入DEM中,利用细化的DEM进行二级汇水区划分;在此基础上,根据实际汇流情况,结合Voronoi图,对中心城区进行三级划分,最后通过GIS技术进行修正。该方法既结合了传统DEM生成子流域的算法,又融入了城市区域地物地貌特点,能更好地满足城市地区的需要。选择上海市嘉定区西北部地区为实验样区,利用该方法进行汇水区划分比较表明,其对于城市平原地区具有很好的适用性。     

柯坪—巴楚露头区海相地层声波速度与沉积体系的关系

为了对沉积体系中各种沉积环境地层的物性进行精细研究,对塔里木盆地柯坪—巴楚露头区台地边缘—斜坡沉积体系和碎屑滨岸带沉积体系的地层进行了踏勘取样。在常温、常压下对岩样进行了超声波纵、横波速度测量,主要获得以下结论:(1)岩样超声波速度与岩样所处的沉积环境关系密切,在生物礁剖面上,从礁基、礁核、到礁盖速度递增;在三角洲剖面上,从水下分流河道、河口坝到前缘泥速度递增。(2)在生物礁剖面上,生物屑的含量是影响速度的主要因素。生物碎屑含量越高,速度越低。(3)生物礁内生物的大小与生长方向是控制岩样速度各向异性的主要因素之一。     

单向传输设备中屏幕图像实时传输的研究

为满足涉密计算机用户对外网图文信息的实时接收、查看和监控等需求,设计并实现一种用于单向传输设备的屏幕图像实时传输系统.该系统采用镜像驱动方式快速、高效地获取屏幕图像;设计适合单向传输设备的屏幕图像实时传输协议用于在无反馈的情况下数据包能够实时传输到接收端;并通过发送相邻2张图像的异或数据减少系统所占带宽;以及每发送一定异或图像数据后发送一张完整图像的方法,解决传输过程中的丢包而导致接收图像错乱的问题.通过测试表明,该系统在低CPU使用率,低带宽占用率的情况下能够提供良好的实时图像传输服务,满足单向传输设备中屏幕图像实时传输的要求.     

Analysis of multi-dimensional SAR for determining the thickness of thin sea ice in the Bohai Sea

Flat thin ice (<30 cm thick) is a common ice type in the Bohai Sea, China. Ice thickness detection is important to offshore exploration and marine transport in winter. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can be used to acquire sea ice data in all weather conditions, and it is a useful tool for monitoring sea ice conditions. In this paper, we combine a multi-layered sea ice electromagnetic (EM) scattering model with a sea ice thermodynamic model to assess the determination of the thickness of flat thin ice in the Bohai Sea using SAR at different frequencies, polarization, and incidence angles. Our modeling studies suggest that co-polarization backscattering coefficients and the co-polarized ratio can be used to retrieve the thickness of flat thin ice from C- and X-band SAR, while the co-polarized correlation coefficient can be used to retrieve flat thin ice thickness from L-, C-, and X-band SAR. Importantly, small or moderate incidence angles should be chosen to avoid the effect of speckle noise.     

淤泥质潮滩剖面冲淤演变数值模拟分析——以河北省沧州市为例

为全面剖析淤泥质潮滩变化规律及演变特征,运用修改后的输沙公式建立了淤泥质潮滩演变数值模型。经2000,2007年野外实测数据验证,表明该模型各参数设置准确,较真实地反演了滩涂剖面变化过程,可用于淤泥质潮滩的模拟计算。根据数值模型计算结果得出如下结论:1987-2010年河北省沧州市淤泥质潮滩坡度不断增大,但增长速率变化不大,为0.002×10-3。0 m等深线上部坡度逐渐变缓,年均降低0.021×10-3;下部坡度不断变陡,年均增长0.022×10-3。研究区潮滩未达平衡状态,其坡度将进一步变陡。该输沙模型及研究结论对淤泥质潮滩的保护具有重要的理论指导意义,为其科学开发管理提供实际参考依据。     

The influence of dunes on mixing in a migrating salt‐wedge: Fraser River estuary,Canada

Dune bedforms and salt‐wedge intrusions are common features in many estuaries with sand beds, and yet little is known about the interactions between the two. Flow visualization with an echosounder and velocity measurements with an acoustic Doppler current profiler over areas of flat‐bed and sand dunes in the highly‐stratified Fraser River estuary, Canada, were used to examine the effect of dunes on interfacial mixing. As the salt‐wedge migrates upstream over the flat‐bed, mixing is restricted to the lower portion of the water column. However, as the salt‐wedge migrates into the dune field from the flat bed, there is a dramatic change in the flow, and large internal in‐phase waves develop over each of the larger dunes, with water from the salt‐wedge reaching the surface of the estuary. The friction Richardson number shows that bed friction is more important in interfacial mixing over the dunes than over the flat‐bed, and a plot of internal Froude Number versus obstacle (dune) height shows that the salt‐wedge flow over the dunes is mainly supercritical. Such bedforms can be expected to cause similar effects in interfacial mixing in other estuaries and sediment‐laden density currents, and may thus be influential in fluid mixing and sediment transport. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三角高程测量在地震小区划中的应用

通过设计、实测、分析处理寿光市地震小区划项目中的三角高程测量,利用2″级全站仪,采用正倒镜的方法,实测得出的每千米高差全中误差为13 mm,达到了五等水准测量的精度,完全可以满足小区划项目中的高程要求。同时可以根据不同项目要求,设计不同的测量方案,在满足精度要求的前提下,有利于提高工作效率,加快工作进度。     

Shaking‐table tests of flat‐bottom circular silos containing grain‐like material

According to Eurocode 8, the seismic design of flat‐bottom circular silos containing grain‐like material is based on a rough estimate of the inertial force imposed on the structure by the ensiled content during an earthquake: 80% of the mass of the content multiplied by the peak ground acceleration. A recent analytical consideration of the horizontal shear force mobilised within the ensiled material during an earthquake proposed by some of the authors has resulted in a radically reduced estimate of this load suggesting that, in practice, the effective mass of the content is significantly less than that specified. This paper describes a series of laboratory tests that featured shaking table and a silo model, which were conducted in order to obtain some experimental data to verify the proposed theoretical formulations and to compare with the established code provisions. Several tests have been performed with different heights of ensiled material – about 0.5 mm diameter Ballotini glass – and different magnitudes of grain–wall friction. The results indicate that in all cases, the effective mass is indeed lower than the Eurocode specification, suggesting that the specification is overly conservative, and that the wall–grain friction coefficient strongly affects the overturning moment at the silo base. At peak ground accelerations up to around 0.35 g, the proposed analytical formulation provides an improved estimate of the inertial force imposed on such structures by their contents. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Heavy metal pollution and assessment in the tidal flat sediments of Haizhou Bay,China

The heavy metal inventory and the ecological risk of the tidal flat sediments in Haizhou Bay were investigated. Results show that the average concentrations of heavy metals in the surface sediments exceeded the environment background values of Jiangsu Province coastal soil, suggesting that the surface sediments were mainly polluted by heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn). In addition, the profiles of heavy metals fluxes can reflect the socio-economic development of Lianyungang City, and heavy metals inputs were attributed to anthropogenic activities. Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were mainly present in the non-bioavailable residual form in surface sediments, whereas Cd and Mn were predominantly in the highly mobile acid soluble and reducible fractions. The ecological risk of the polluted sediments stemmed mainly from Cd and Pb. According to the Sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), however, the adverse biological effects caused by the heavy metals occasionally occurred in tidal flat.     

Impact of flood events on macrobenthic community structure on an intertidal flat developing in the Ohta River Estuary

We investigated the effects of river floods on the macrobenthic community of the intertidal flat in the Ohta River Estuary, Japan, from 2005 to 2010. Sediment erosion by flood events ranged from about 2–3 cm to 12 cm, and the salinity dropped to 0‰ even during low-intensity flood events. Cluster analysis of the macrobenthic population showed that the community structure was controlled by the physical disturbance, decreased salinity, or both. The opportunistic polychaete Capitella sp. was the most dominant species in all clusters, and populations of the long-lived polychaete Ceratonereis erythraeensis increased in years with stable flow and almost disappeared in years with intense flooding. The bivalve Musculista senhousia was also an important opportunistic species that formed mats in summer of the stable years and influenced the structure of the macrobenthic community. Our results demonstrate the substantial effects of flood events on the macrobenthic community structure.