Differences in livelihoods,socioeconomic characteristics,and knowledge about the sea between fishers and non-fishers living near and far from marine parks on the Kenyan coast

The socioeconomic conditions in nine communities of the Kenyan coast were examined to test the hypotheses that socioeconomic characteristics and knowledge about the sea differ for: (1) fishers compared to non-fishers; and (2) fishers living adjacent to parks compared to fishers living away from parks. Compared to non-fishers, fishers were poorer, had higher occupational diversity, more participation in community decision-making, and higher scores on six dimensions of knowledge about marine resources. Fishers living adjacent parks had lower occupational diversity, higher fortnightly expenditures, greater knowledge of the effects of land-based pollutants and market demands than non-park fishers. These relationships may, however, be a result of urbanization near Kenya's marine parks, rather than the marine parks’ effect on fishers’ knowledge and livelihoods. Consistent with studies from other parts of the world, this study finds that there are aspects of Kenyan fishers’ socioeconomic conditions and knowledge about the sea that characterize them as distinct from non-fishers. Initiatives designed to improve the socioeconomic conditions of fishers or to manage fishery stocks need to understand and account for these differences.     

The cost-benefit ledger of quota leasing

Bruce Turris recently presented an analysis of the expenses and earnings of British Columbia fishermen who lease halibut quota (ITQs). The BC Longline Fishermen's Association, which represents active halibut fishermen has quite a different analysis of these costs and benefits, and also takes issue with Turris’ analysis of the state of the fishery in general under quotas.     

论渔业法之渔业水域污染事故法律责任

优质的渔业水域环境是我国渔业可持续发展的重要保障,目前,我国渔业水域环境面临着较为严峻的污染问题,污染事故时有发生,严重影响了渔业的持续稳定发展。为了保护渔业水域环境、防治渔业水域污染事故,我国在《中华人民共和国渔业法》《中华人民共和国水污染防治法》《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》等法律中均规定了相关内容,基本形成了渔业水域污染事故的法律规制模式,但仍然存在许多法律问题,如法律规定缺乏实施细则,可行性较低;相关定义模糊不清;事故损害调查方式不够合理等。在此背景下,文章分析了目前渔业水域污染事故对应的民事法律责任、行政法律责任和刑事法律责任,并提出建议,为渔业水域污染事故的处理和归责提供参考。     

中西太平洋紫魟渔业生物学初步研究

紫魟(Pteroplatytrygon violacea)作为金枪鱼延绳钓中最常见的副渔获物,对海洋生态系统的稳定和物种多样性起着重要的作用。根据2017年7月-2018年2月间我国远洋渔业科学观察员在中西太平洋作业中采集的紫魟生物学特征、渔获等数据,初步研究紫魟的生物学信息。结果发现:(1)紫魟的体盘宽范围在28～66cm间,优势体盘宽范围在35～45cm,雌性紫魟优势体盘宽(50cm)大于雄性紫魟(45cm),且紫魟雄性最大体盘宽比雌性短;(2)研究捕获紫魟基本已成年,雌雄比达到1︰2.7;(3)摄食等级以0级为主,达41.79%,胃含物中频率最高为沙丁鱼类和鱿鱼类等;(4)紫魟雌雄性体盘宽与体质量的关系式分别为:W_R=0.1447T_W~(3.3287)(n=482, R~2=0.8032)、W_R=0.1447T_W~(3.3287)(n=482, R~2=0.8032)。     

基于海洋渔业发展的海洋科考船建造和应用

为提高我国海洋科考船的建造和应用水平,促进远洋和极地渔业发展,文章根据国内外海洋科考船的发展历史和现状,分析我国海洋科考船在海洋渔业发展中存在的问题以及海洋科考船的发展趋势,并提出相关建议。研究结果表明:国际海洋科考船发展早、数量多且装备先进;我国海洋科考船发展较快,但仍需提升数量和技术,在建和研发船舶具有世界领先水平;在促进海洋渔业发展方面,我国海洋科考船存在远洋和极地调查能力以及集成功能较弱的问题;基于海洋科考船在提高极地作业能力等方面的发展趋势以及海洋渔业发展需求,我国海洋科考船的建造和应用应加强顶层设计、技术应用和数据共享。     

Characterization of the southeastern US black sea bass (Centropristis striata) pot commercial fishery and implications for western North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) management and policy

A vital component of marine policy is the conservation and management of diverse marine resources. In the southeastern US, commercial fishermen target black sea bass (Centropristis striata) with pots from North Carolina to Cape Canaveral, Florida. During the fall through spring fishing season, western North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) distribution overlaps the black sea bass commercial pot fishery. Fishermen interviews revealed that the number of pots set ranged from 3 to 240 and the number of pots set per trawl ranged from 1 to 18. Generally, the amount of gear increased from south to north.     

From community-based to co-management: Improvement or deterioration in fisheries governance in the Cherai Poyil fishery in the Cochin Estuary,Kerala, India?

During the last 50 years, several different forms of fisheries governance have been tried and failed in the Cochin Estuary, Kerala, India. The latest shift has been from a community-based system to a co-management system, and this paper evaluates the current system in the light of the theoretical debate over the respective merits of community-based management and co-management. The paper is based on documentary material and data from interviews carried out during fieldwork in 2004, from which it concludes that provided the co-management system incorporates community principles within it, it will be an effective form of fisheries governance.     

Habitat suitability index of Chub mackerel (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Scomber japonicus</Emphasis>) from July to September in the East China Sea

The habitat quality of Chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) in the East China Sea has been a subject of concern in the last 10 years due to large fluctuations in annual catches of this stock. For example, the Chinese light-purse seine fishery recorded 84000 tons in 1999 compared to 17000 tons in 2006. The fluctuations have been attributed to variability in habitat quality. The habitat suitability Index (HSI) has been widely used to describe fish habitat quality and in fishing ground forecasting. In this paper we use catch data and satellite derived environmental variables to determine habitat suitability indices for Chub mackerel during July to September in the East China Sea. More than 90% of the total catch was found to come from the areas with sea surface temperature of 28.0°–29.4°C, sea surface salinity of 33.6–34.2 psu, chlorophyll-a concentration of 0.15–0.50 mg/m³ and sea surface height anomaly of −0.1–1.1 m. Of the four conventional models of HSI, the Arithmetic Mean Model (AMM) was found to be most suitable according to Akaike Information Criterion analysis. Based on the estimation of AMM in 2004, the monthly HSIs in the waters of 123°–125°E and 27°30′–28°00′ N were more than 0.6 during July to September, which coincides with the catch distribution in the same time period. This implies that AMM can yield a reliable prediction of the Chub mackerel’s habitat in the East China Sea.     

浙江沿岸张网中主要经济幼鱼发生量与当年渔汛渔获量的关系

通过对1998～2005年浙江中北部沿岸3个张网监测点的渔业监测调查,阐述了浙江沿岸张网渔业中的主要经济幼鱼带鱼、小黄鱼、鲳鱼的渔获量比例月变化;同时结合浙江省的渔业统计资料和主要鱼种的生物学测定资料,以张网渔业中主要经济鱼种的平均网获量作为预报当年渔汛补充群体渔获量的主要影响因子,经回归统计分析,分别建立了带鱼和小黄鱼的渔获量单因子预报方程.结果表明:2000～2005年,张网中的带鱼、小黄鱼、鲳鱼3种主要经济鱼类幼鱼合计占总渔获量的月平均比例达22.79%,6～8月为幼鱼的出现高峰期,月平均比例为53.86%,7月份达到最高值,为62.66%.其中5～9月幼带鱼占渔获量的月平均比例范围为11.42%～46.42%,6～11月小黄鱼占渔获量的月平均比例范围为9.73%～14.30%,4～8月鲳鱼占渔获量的月平均比例范围为3.32%～6.52%.设5～9月张网中幼带鱼的日平均网获量(X,kg/网)与当年9～12月渔汛中带鱼补充群体的渔获量(Y,×108尾),经相关分析,可以得到Y关于X的一元一次、一元二次和一元三次函数的预报方程.设6～10月张网小黄鱼幼鱼的日平均网获量(x,尾/网)与当年浙江省小黄鱼的渔获量(y,万t),经相关分析,可以得到y关于x的一元一次、一元二次函数的预报方程.预报方程的相关系数和预报精度基本符合应用要求,表明沿岸产卵场和索饵场附近的张网渔获物中主要经济幼鱼的发生量与当年渔汛补充群体渔获量密切相关.张网渔业的监测调查可以反映当年主要经济幼鱼发生量情况,应加强对沿岸张网渔业的管理及保护主要经济幼鱼.