利用多次波和二维匹配滤波的近偏移距数据重构方法

在地震资料采集时,受地表条件、震源等因素的影响,几乎无法采集到近偏移距数据,不利于后续数据的处理。针对这一问题,研究了一种利用多次波和二维匹配滤波的近偏移距数据重构方法。首先给出了由表层多次波构建准一次波的互相关方法;然后在时间-空间滑动窗口内利用准一次波计算二维匹配滤波器,并用该滤波器重构近偏移距数据;最后使用均方根振幅校正方法校正重构数据的振幅。整个数据重构的过程在频率域进行,避免了基于维纳滤波方法求取滤波器的大量计算;同时使用快速傅里叶变换算法,提高了计算效率。与一维匹配滤波的近偏移距重构方法相比,采用二维匹配滤波方法的重构数据在空间上连续性更好。通过对Sigsbee 2B数据的处理及实际资料的测试,验证了该方法的正确性和有效性。     

A Hierarchy of Spatial Marginality Through Spatial Filtering

Taking a clue from classic time‐series decomposition, this article demonstrates a spatial filtering and search technique that permits the partitioning of a measure of marginality, here measured as the percent of the population living at less than 50 percent of the poverty level, into macro, meso, and micro components. This approach supports theory that has argued for scale‐specific explanations of spatial marginality. The technique also offers promise for many other types of investigations such as disease incidence, microclimate dynamics, and consumer preferences.     

一种基于淹没的分水岭变换算法

针对分水岭变换产生的过分割问题以及标记点选取可能导致的欠分割问题,提出了一种基于变换序列滤波和梯度淹没的分水岭变换算法。利用基于重构的变换序列滤波来平滑影像,消除区域内部差异;利用面积淹没和深度淹没处理过渡区域在梯度影像上造成的极小区域,然后对其进行分水岭变换。该算法可以有效地控制分水岭变换的过程,解决分水岭变换的过分割和欠分割问题。     

Principles of geomorphic disturbance and recovery in response to storms

The most important geomorphic responses to storms are qualitative changes in system state. Minor storms produce no state change or very rapid recovery to pre‐storm state, and extinction events wipe out the system. In other cases disturbance results in a state change, which may be transitional (change to a previously existing state), state space expansion (change to a new state), and clock‐resetting events that return the system to its initial state. Recovery pathways are much more varied than the monotonic progressions represented in classic vegetation succession and linear channel evolution models. Those linear sequential pathways are only one of several archetypal recovery pathways, which also include binary, convergent, divergent, and more complex networks. Filter‐dominated systems are more likely to follow linear sequential or convergent patterns, whereas amplifier‐dominance is characteristic of divergent and more complex mesh or fully‐connected patterns. Amplifier domination is also more likely to lead to evolutionary or state space expansion responses. Amplification and filtering in geomorphic response and recovery can be assessed using the 'Four R's' framework of response, resistance, relaxation, and recursion. High resistance and resilience, rapid relaxation times, and stable recursive feedback networks reduce or offset effects of disturbances, thus filtering their impacts. Conversely, low resistance and resilience, slow relaxation, and dynamically unstable feedbacks can exaggerate disturbances, creating disproportionately large and long‐lived impacts, thereby amplifying disturbances. Unless new filter mechanisms evolve (either autogenically or anthropically), or the number of extinction or clock‐resetting events increases, intensified storminess will result in more geomorphic variability. These ideas are applied to a case study of a flood on the Clark Fork River, Montana, USA. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic risk assessment for the mega-city of Istanbul: Ductility, strength and maximum interstory drift demands

This study investigates the seismic demands due to the catastrophic 1999 M_w=7.4 Kocaeli and the M_w=7.1 Duzce earthquakes. The inelastic response spectra for the Kocaeli and Duzce earthquakes are investigated for systems with known strength and ductility. An analytical fiber element model is developed for a typical reinforced concrete building in Turkey. The interstory drifts are calculated from nonlinear dynamic analysis using 26 recorded strong-motion data from the 1999 Kocaeli and the Duzce earthquakes. In the dynamic analysis, the structural members are modeled by employing distributed plasticity fiber elements and both geometrical as well as material nonlinearities are taken into account. This study shows that the ductility and interstory drift demands due to the Kocaeli and the Duzce earthquakes were very severe (well above the code prescribed values) even for moderately inelastic structures. It is apparent from the results that the forward directivity effect is the most influential factor on the interstory drift demand. Both the distance to the fault rupture and the site conditions affect seismic demands, but the site conditions and the local topography are more influential than the distance from the fault rupture. This study shows that substantial damage should be expected in a future earthquake at all districts of Istanbul, but especially at Avcilar, Cekmece, Fatih, Bakirkoy and the Zeytinburnu districts. It is also shown that base isolation may substantially improve the performance of a structure in the inelastic domain and base isolated structures may be designed for lower minimum lateral strengths and higher strength reduction factors.     

An Empirical Method for Optimal Robust Regional-Residual Separation of Geophysical Data

Prior to interpretation and further analysis, many datasets must first be separated into regional and residual components. Traditional techniques are either subjective (e.g., graphical methods) or nonrobust (e.g., all least-squares based methods). Bathymetric data, with their broad spectrum, pose serious difficulties to these traditional methods, in particular those based on spectral decomposition. Spatial median filters offer a solution that is robust, objective, and often defines regional components similar to those produced graphically by hand. Characteristics of spatial median filters in general are discussed and a new empirical method is presented for determining the width of the robust median filter that accomplishes an optimal separation of a gridded dataset into its regional and residual components. The method involves tracing the zero-contour of the residual component and evaluating the ratio between the volume enclosed by the surface inside this contour and the contour's area. The filter width giving the highest ratio (or mean amplitude) is called the Optimal Robust Separator (ORS) and is selected as the optimal filter producing the best separation. The technique allows a unique and objective determination of the regional field and enables researchers to undertake reproducible separations of regional and residual components. The ORS method is applied to both synthetic data and bathymetry/topography of the Hawaiian Islands; ways to improve the technique using alternative diagnostic quantities are discussed.     

多尺度小波融合SAR影像边缘提取

本文在研究SAR影像地物边缘特征和灰度直方图分布规律的基础上,利用方向可调滤波器提取了边缘,并利用多尺度小波融合算法对提取的边缘进行了融合。实验证明,本方法在保持边缘连续性和准确性上取得了较为理想的结果。     

Inference of fault and fracture systems beneath the Matatlan waste dump basement,a VLF study

We used the VLF technique to infer fault or major fracture zones that might serve as path for contaminant waste fluids in the Matatlan dumpsite, in Guadalajara, western Mexico. To interpret the data we used the Fraser, and Karous-Hjelt filters.Profiles were interpreted with 2D direct modeling based on Karous-Hjelt modified filter (K-H). The Fraser and Karous-Hjelt conjugated filter were applied to the entire data. The results of both techniques show similarities in the directions and positions of anomalous features, which are assumed fault or fracture zones. We observed one fault zone at the centre of the site, with a NEE-SWW strike. Other important inferred structures have NW-SE directions at the western part of the site.The cooperative use of both techniques, based on K-H filter and the Fraser filter give results as an N-S inferred structure in the westernmost part of the zone, as well as NW-SE linear anomalies, mainly in the western half of the site. The N-S structure has the same direction as that of Rio Grande de Santiago Canyon. The NW-SE features coincide with the directions of the Tepic-Zacoalco rift. Others NE-SW lineaments are located towards the centre of the area. These facts coincide strongly with the predominance of fracture groups show in the fracture analysis. The inferred structures could serve as conduits for the leachates to migrate towards the Coyula canyon as well as towards the Rio Grande de Santiago Canyon.Statistic analysis of fracture orientations showed N-S (A), N75-80E (B), N60-65W (C), and N25-30W (D) main directions, and N45-55E (E), and 90E (F) secondary directions. Group A coincides with the direction of the Rio Grande de Santiago Canyon, whereas pattern F have the same direction as Coyula Canyon.     

一种改进的基于背景差算法的运动车辆检测方法

针对背景固定的交通监控视频中的运动车辆检测问题,提出了一种改进的基于背景差算法的运动目标检测方法。该方法改进了混合高斯模型,对图像进行了平滑滤波预处理,并利用形态学滤波方法对二值化的前景图像进行后处理。该方法提高了背景模型的环境适应能力,能够很好地适应背景改变和光照等变化。同时,也改善了视觉效果,使前景检测误差值降低了14％,可为后续交通参数的提取提供更为精确可靠的图像数据信息。     

Time‐varying,nonlinear suspended sediment rating curves to characterize trends in water quality: An application to the Upper Hudson and Mohawk Rivers,New York

This work proposes two modelling frameworks for diagnosing temporal variations in nonlinear rating curves that describe suspended sediment–discharge relationships. A variant of the weighted regression on time, discharge, and season model is proposed and is compared against dynamic nonlinear modelling, a newly developed nonlinear time series filter based on sequential Monte Carlo sampling. Both approaches estimate a time series of rating curve parameters, with uncertainty, that can be used to diagnose variability in the sediment–discharge relationship over time. We evaluate the models with a variety of synthetic scenarios to highlight their ability to estimate signals of known rating curve change. Results reveal important bias‐variance trade‐offs unique to each approach, and in general, suggest that dynamic nonlinear modelling is better suited for rapid rating curve changes, whereas the weighted regression on time, discharge, and season variant more precisely estimates slow change. The techniques are then applied in two case studies in the Upper Hudson and Mohawk Rivers in New York. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of dynamic rating curves for the management of water quality in riverine and estuary systems.