福建及台湾海峡地震预警工程架构探索

福建及台湾海峡是海陆板块碰撞到板内地震活动过渡带 ,东侧毗邻台湾板缘地震带 ,西侧为福建内陆板内地震活动区。这是得天独厚的观测研究大陆边缘地震构造带强震活动及板块动力学的良好地域。当前 ,我国进入全面建设小康社会历史时期 ,为防御地震造成社会灾害 ,实现以人为本 ,防患于未然 ,势必需要建构一个实用化的地震预警工程及其机制。本文即是在对福建及台湾海峡近 30多年以来观测研究的基础上 ,提出应用现代空间技术、数字地震、计算机网络等技术架构地震预警工程与机制的一种设想。     

太湖生态环境演化及其原因分析

太湖地处长江下游三角洲,水域面积为2338km²,平均水深1.9m,最大水深不足2.6m,为一典型的大型浅水湖泊。太湖流域地势平坦,河网密布,河湖水力关系复杂。其主要补给径流来自西南部的天目山区及西部的宜溧河流域。每年夏天,大部分入湖洪水通过位于东太湖的太浦河及东北部的望虞河分别排入黄浦江与长江,由于出入湖河道的特殊位置,使得太湖南部的换水周期较短而北部较长。近几十年来,太湖由于污染而逐步呈现富营养化特征,污染物主要来自北部的无锡市和常州市,通过河道排入太湖北部的五里湖与梅梁湾,因此上述两地的水质较南部差。在东太湖,水产养殖对水环境的影响很大,亦呈现出富营养化特征,并殃及该地区的供水,加之该地区为太湖主要的泄洪通道,因此泥沙淤积严重,而且水生植物生长旺盛,呈现出明显的沼泽化趋势;在太湖四周地区,由于湖泊围垦和水利工程建设,其污染净化能力将降低,从而加速水环境恶化的趋势。太湖所面临这些问题,有待于强化湖泊科学管理来解决。     

Fuzzy set approaches to classification of rock masses

Rock mass classification is analogous to multi-feature pattern recognition problem. The objective is to assign a rock mass to one of the pre-defined classes using a given set of criteria. This process involves a number of subjective uncertainties stemming from: (a) qualitative (linguistic) criteria; (b) sharp class boundaries; (c) fixed rating (or weight) scales; and (d) variable input reliability. Fuzzy set theory enables a soft approach to account for these uncertainties by allowing the expert to participate in this process in several ways. Hence, this study was designed to investigate the earlier fuzzy rock mass classification attempts and to devise improved methodologies to utilize the theory more accurately and efficiently. As in the earlier studies, the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) system was adopted as a reference conventional classification system because of its simple linear aggregation.

The proposed classification approach is based on the concept of partial fuzzy sets representing the variable importance or recognition power of each criterion in the universal domain of rock mass quality. The method enables one to evaluate rock mass quality using any set of criteria, and it is easy to implement. To reduce uncertainties due to project- and lithology-dependent variations, partial membership functions were formulated considering shallow (<200 m) tunneling in granitic rock masses. This facilitated a detailed expression of the variations in the classification power of each criterion along the corresponding universal domains. The binary relationship tables generated using these functions were processed not to derive a single class but rather to plot criterion contribution trends (stacked area graphs) and belief surface contours, which proved to be very satisfactory in difficult decision situations. Four input scenarios were selected to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed approach in different situations and with reference to the earlier approaches.     

黔西南州冰雹多普勒雷达回波特征分析

冰雹是一种中小尺度的天气现象,多发生在地形复杂的山区和丘陵地带。黔西南是典型的冰雹频繁发生的多灾地带,每年发生大小冰雹天气过程几十次,尤其是个别县的某些乡镇几乎在每一次的重大天气过程中都要遭受到冰雹的袭击,显示出冰雹天气发生过程中具有明显的区域性和局地性。因此,用多普勒雷达的观测资料来分析冰雹的发生、发展和消亡过程,得出可能降雹的区域和地点,可以提高临近预报的准确性和及时性,降低冰雹灾害性天气所带来的经济损失,是非常有用的。     

Automatic Road Change Detection and GIS Updating from High Spatial Remotely-Sensed Imagery

This paper presents a tramework for road network change detectlon In order to upctate the Canadian National Topographic DataBase (NTDB). The methodology has been developed on the basis of road extraction from IRS-pan images (with a 5.8 m spatial resolution) by using a wavelet approach. The feature matching and conflation techniques are used to road change detection and updating. Elementary experiments have showed that the proposed framework could be used for developing an operational road database updating system.     

GIS数据辅助下的线状目标自动提取

首先介绍了遥感影像中线状目标骨架自动提取的意义和研究现状，然后结合老的GIS数据，提出了一种算法来实现遥感影像中线状目标骨架的自动提取，算法主要包括影像预处理、GIS数据与影像的配准、骨架跟踪、编组连接与数据简化等步骤。最后又利用遥感影像和相应的GIS数据进行了实验，实验证明了算法的可行性和有效性。     

电子地图中线状要素移动注记关键问题研究

探讨了电子地图移动注记的几个关键问题 ,提出了将分段注记和移动注记相结合的思想 ,并在此基础上提出了采用回溯法解决注记之间的冲突 ,从而较好地解决了图幅移动之后某些屏幕内线状要素注记不可见或表达模糊的问题 ,实现了注记输出的完整性和美观性的统一 ,提高了图形输出的效率 ,节省了存储空间 ,在实际应用中取得了较好的效果 ,充分体现了电子地图在线状要素注记显示这一环节的优越性     

基于SuperMap的图形处理技术

本文首先阐述了SuperMap DeskPro的基本功能，然后对利用SuperMap DeskPro进行常规图形处理的技巧进行了详细介绍，具体包括地图配准、地图拼接、数据集重新整合、对象标注、文本数据集到属性字段的转换和地图格网生成。通过这些技巧的运用，可以有效提高数据的处理能力。     

集成高度和彩色纹理特征的影像目标模糊聚类识别方法

提出一种基于高度和彩色纹理信息的目标识别方法 ,其目的是提取具有相对高度的地物。由于传统二维纹理分析的方法往往不能有效地提取这类目标 ,本文把高度、色彩和纹理信息有机地结合起来 ,提高了识别率。依据影像提取结果 ,探讨了树林对森林覆盖地区自动空中三角测量选点的负面影响 ,同时建议采用数据分组的方案来改善森林覆盖地区自动空中三角测量的精度 ,并用对比实验证明了其有效性。     

一种组合优化的多边形化简方法

以多边形轮廓为目标 ,依据曲线特征点将其分解为一系列的弯曲特征 ,并对此弯曲特征集实施组合优化 ,将入围弯曲首尾相连 ,即可得到最终的化简结果