三维地形可视化中不同图元渲染效率比较分析

大规模地形场景一般由几百万甚至更多的顶点构成,地形瓦片的图元组织与绘制效率直接决定了地形渲染的速度和质量。为明确Triangles,Triangle Strip,Triangle Fan和优化的Triangle Strip图元渲染效率,选取常用的11种大小瓦片样本进行对比试验。从初始化时间、索引缓存大小和实时绘制时间3个方面评估图元效率。结果表明：在地形瓦片小于256时,Triangles和优化的Triangle Strip具备较高的渲染效率,Triangles会占用较大的索引缓存;在地形瓦片超过256时,优化后的Triangle Strip图元具有最高绘制效率,并且占用最小的索引缓存。     

运用SI-Harris算子提取遥感图像点特征

推导了SI-Harris算子(尺度不变Harris算子)的理论公式,并将其应用于遥感图像的点特征提取。重点对Harris算子与SI-Harris算子在不同空间分辨率遥感图像上的点特征提取进行实验比较,利用"重复率"指标对实验结果进行定量评价。实验表明:SI-Harris算子"重复率"较Harris算子有明显提升,可用于不同空间分辨率遥感图像的点特征提取,进而可服务于不同空间分辨率遥感图像的匹配。     

结合ASIFT和归一化的抗仿射变换遥感影像盲水印算法

针对遥感影像使用过程中,含水印影像经过仿射变换后水印与影像的同步性被破坏,导致水印无法正常检测的问题,本文提出了一种适用于遥感影像的抗仿射变换盲水印算法。首先通过ASIFT算法提取影像具有仿射不变性的特征点,根据特征尺度的大小与特征点间的欧式距离筛选适量特征点,构造对应的正方形特征区域;然后通过计算特征区域的仿射不变矩得出归一化变换函数的参数,对特征区域进行归一化处理,并以归一化特征区域的不变质心为中心提取子区域作为水印嵌入区域,对该区域进行二级离散小波变换,得到水印嵌入区域的低频信息;运用量化嵌入规则将水印嵌入到低频信息中,依次进行低频信息逆小波变换,水印嵌入前后特征区域差值图像反归一化,最后将反归一化差值图像叠加在原始影像特征区域上,完成水印的嵌入。实验选用了3000像素×3000像素的高分二号遥感影像作为载体影像,含版权信息的二值图像作为水印,实验表明：含水印的遥感影像经过旋转、平移、缩放在内的仿射变换后,仍能准确提取水印信息;算法可有效抵抗加噪、滤波、裁剪等常规水印攻击,攻击后影像提取的水印与原水印相关系数均高于0.9;水印具有良好不可感知性;在水印提取时无需原始遥感影像,属于盲水印算法。     

池养条件下军曹鱼仔鱼的消化道内容物

采用光镜解剖观察的方法对池塘培育的1~20日龄军曹鱼仔鱼消化道内容物的种类、数量和大小进行研究。结果显示:军曹鱼仔鱼于2日龄开口,主要摄食桡足类无节幼体和桡足幼体及枝角类;在2~20日龄阶段,桡足类在军曹鱼仔鱼食谱中占据主要成分;从13日龄开始摄食虾、蟹类幼体等大型浮游动物,两个阶段的食物选择性指数存在显著差异。     

东峰顶金矿床地质地球化学特征及成因

东峰顶金矿区呈脉状赋存于断裂破碎带中，矿石类型为硫化物石英-重晶石脉型，矿体围岩蚀变强烈，根据矿床地质、地球化学特征．结合矿体矿物共生组合、铅和硫同位素组成及成矿年龄、包裹体成分及特征以及原生金的成色等研究，认为金矿床矿源为重熔岩浆岩。成矿溶液主要来自岩浆水和大气降水的混合溶液，成矿温度140℃～400℃．成矿深度约1．5km。矿床成因类型属中温、中深条件下形成的岩浆热液充填型金矿床。     

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Comparison of interception,forest floor evaporation and transpiration in Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus globulus plantations

Studies of evapotranspiration (ET) processes in forests often only measure one component of total ET, most commonly interception. This study examined all three components of annual ET (interception, evaporation from the forest floor and transpiration) and the correlations between them at 18 plantation forest sites in two species. All plantations had closed canopies, and sparse or no understorey. Single‐sided leaf area index averaged 3.5 (standard deviation ±0.5) in Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and 6.1 (±0.8) in Pinus radiata D.Don. Measurements included annual totals of rainfall in the open and under the canopy, stem flow (four sites only), evaporation from the forest floor and transpiration by the overstorey. Interception (I) averaged 19% (±4.9) of annual rainfall in E. globulus compared with 31% (±11.1) in P. radiata. However, higher annual interception in P. radiata did not result in higher total ET because annual evaporation from the forest floor (E) averaged 29% (±4.9) of rainfall in E. globulus but only 15% (±3.5) in P. radiata. Hence, the relative contribution of annual I plus E to ET did not differ significantly between the two species, averaging 48% (±7.3) of annual rainfall in E. globulus compared with 46% (±11.8) in P. radiata. As reported previously, transpiration did not differ significantly between the two species either, but was strongly related to depth‐to‐groundwater. In closed canopy plantations, mean annual ET did not differ between the two species. We conclude that when grown in plantations under similar soil and climatic conditions, conifer and broad‐leaved tree species can have similar annual ET, once the canopy of the plantation has closed. Lower average annual interception in broad‐leaved trees was offset by higher soil evaporation. These results highlight the importance of measuring all components of ET in studies of vegetation water use. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Low‐cost monitoring of snow height and thermal properties with inexpensive temperature sensors

Small, self‐recording temperature sensors were installed at several heights along a metal rod at five locations in a case study catchment. For each sensor, the presence or absence of snow cover was determined on the basis of its insulating effect and the resulting reduction of the diurnal temperature oscillations. Sensor coverage was then converted into a time series of snow height for each location. Additionally, cold content was calculated. Snow height and cold content provide valuable information for spring flood prediction. Good agreement of estimated snow heights with reference measurements was achieved and increased discharge in the study catchment coincided with low cold content of the snow cover. The results of the proposed distributed assessment of snow cover and snow state show great potential for (i) flood warning, (ii) assimilation of snow state data and (iii) modelling snowmelt process. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

对流层折射对超视距雷达信号定位的影响

超视距雷达信号的精确定位对于提高超视距探测能力有十分重要的意义。但由于对流层中的折射效应，定位系统所测目标的仰角、距离等参量均存在一定的折射误差。主要分析对流层的折射效应对超视距雷达信号定位的影响，并且给出相应的折射误差图（仰角误差和距离误差）；此外，还针对3种不同的大气折射指数模型进行比较，得出折射误差对比图。     

Seasonal rainfall–runoff relationships in a lowland forested watershed in the southeastern USA

Hydrological processes of lowland watersheds of the southern USA are not well understood compared to a hilly landscape due to their unique topography, soil compositions, and climate. This study describes the seasonal relationships between rainfall patterns and runoff (sum of storm flow and base flow) using 13 years (1964–1976) of rainfall and stream flow data for a low‐gradient, third‐order forested watershed. It was hypothesized that runoff–rainfall ratios (R/P) are smaller during the dry periods (summer and fall) and greater during the wet periods (winter and spring). We found a large seasonal variability in event R/P potentially due to differences in forest evapotranspiration that affected seasonal soil moisture conditions. Linear regression analysis results revealed a significant relationship between rainfall and runoff for wet (r² = 0·68; p < 0·01) and dry (r² = 0·19; p = 0·02) periods. Rainfall‐runoff relationships based on a 5‐day antecedent precipitation index (API) showed significant (r² = 0·39; p < 0·01) correspondence for wet but not (r² = 0·02; p = 0·56) for dry conditions. The same was true for rainfall‐runoff relationships based on 30‐day API (r² = 0·39; p < 0·01 for wet and r² = 0·00; p = 0·79 for dry). Stepwise regression analyses suggested that runoff was controlled mainly by rainfall amount and initial soil moisture conditions as represented by the initial flow rate of a storm event. Mean event R/P were higher for the wet period (R/P = 0·33), and the wet antecedent soil moisture condition based on 5‐day (R/P = 0·25) and 30‐day (R/P = 0·26) prior API than those for the dry period conditions. This study suggests that soil water status, i.e. antecedent soil moisture and groundwater table level, is important besides the rainfall to seasonal runoff generation in the coastal plain region with shallow soil argillic horizons. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.