Extreme Temperature Change of the Last 110 Years in Changchun,Northeast China

In China and East Asia,the long-term continuous observational data at daily resolution are insufficient,and thus there is a lack of good understanding of the extreme climate variation over the last 100 years plus.In this study,the extreme temperature indices defined by ETCCDI(Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices)and local meteorological administrations were analyzed for Changchun City,Northeast China,by using the daily maximum temperature(Tmax)and daily minimum temperature(Tmin)over 1909?2018.The results showed that extreme cold events,such as cold days,cold nights,frost days,icing days,and low temperature days,decreased significantly at rates of?0.41 d(10 yr)^?1,?1.45 d(10 yr)^?1,?2.28 d(10 yr)^?1,?1.16 d(10 yr)?1 and?1.90 d(10 yr)^?1,respectively.Warm nights increased significantly at a rate of 1.71 d(10 yr)^?1,but warm days decreased slightly and the number of high temperature days decreased at a rate of?0.20 d(10 yr)?1.The frequency of cold surge events increased significantly at a rate of 0.25 d(10 yr)^?1,occurring mainly from the mid-1950s to late-1980s.The average Tmax,average Tmin and extreme Tmin increased at rates of 0.09℃(10 yr)^?1,0.36℃(10 yr)^?1 and 0.54℃(10 yr)^?1,respectively;and extreme Tmax decreased significantly at a rate of?0.17℃(10 yr)^?1.In 1909?2018,1951?2018 and 1979?2018,the indices related to cold events decreased,while the trends of the indices related to warm events were different for different periods.     

Responses of Mean and Extreme Precipitation to Different Climate Forcing Under Radiative-Convective Equilibrium

Understanding the responses of mean and extreme precipitation to climate change is of great importance.Previous studies have mainly focused on the responses to prescribed sea surface warming or warming due to increases of CO2.This study uses a cloud-resolving model under the idealization of radiative-convective equilibrium to examine the responses of mean and extreme precipitation to a variety of climate forcings,including changes in prescribed sea surface temperature,CO2,solar insolation,surface albedo,stratospheric volcanic aerosols,and several tropospheric aerosols.The different responses of mean precipitation are understood by examining the changes in the surface energy budget.It is found that the cancellation between shortwave scattering and longwave radiation leads to a small dependence of the mean precipitation response on forcings.The responses of extreme precipitation are decomposed into three components(thermodynamic,dynamic,and precipitation efficiency).The thermodynamic components for all climate forcings are similar.The dynamic components and the precipitation-efficiency components,which have large spreads among the cases,are negatively correlated,leading to a small dependence of the extreme precipitation response on the forcings.     

华北地区持续性极端暴雨过程的分类特征

利用1960—2015年日降水资料,筛选出华北地区56次持续性极端暴雨过程。基于距平相关系数的客观聚类分析方法和天气学检验,将它们进行分类,并使用NCEP（2.5°×2.5°）再分析资料进行分类合成,对比分析不同环流背景下华北地区持续性极端暴雨过程的基本特征。结果表明,这些持续性极端暴雨事件按照环流背景可分为经向型、纬向型、减弱的登陆热带气旋型和初夏型4类。它们一般都与不同天气系统配置结构下的锋面动力学过程有关,由于锋面结构特征、环境大气层结状态以及与低空急流有关的暖湿气流输送通道和强度不同,造成不同环流形势背景下,暴雨日的高频站点与过程平均累计降水量在空间分布上存在差异。（1）纬向型对应的锋区强度明显强于经向型,但是其对应的层结稳定度与整个夏季状态相当,而经向型存在弱的层结不稳定异常,这表明,纬向型的对流活动一般不如经向型强,持续性锋面降水特征更清晰,造成站点上日降水量超过50 mm的最大频率明显低于经向型,但是过程累计平均最大降雨量却比经向型大。（2）从水汽输送通道来看,源于西太平洋副热带高压南侧的水汽通道只在纬向型环流主导下的华北区域持续性极端暴雨过程中起主导作用。初夏型以及减弱的登陆热带气旋与西风带系统相互作用造成的极端暴雨过程中,活跃的印度季风造成25°N以南异常强盛的纬向低空西南气流携带充沛的水汽,穿过中南半岛后以西南低空急流或者通过减弱的登陆热带气旋“中转”,是这两类暴雨区的主要水汽供应方式;经向型环流背景下的水汽输送也与这支源于青藏高原南侧的西风气流异常有关。这可能是华北地区夏季降水与印度季风降水的相关显著强于中国东部其他地区的主要原因。（3）减弱的登陆热带气旋与西风带系统相互作用造成的极端暴雨事件同样由经向型环流主导,但是,更充沛的水汽输送、更强的上升运动和更深厚的大气不稳定层结状态是它比一般的经向型强度更大的直接原因;此外,中高纬度弱冷空气侵入对减弱的登陆热带气旋顶部形成持续性极端暴雨过程非常重要。      

2019 年全球重大天气气候事件及其成因

2019年全球主要温室气体浓度继续保持上升趋势,全球平均温度比工业化前水平高1.1（±0.1）℃,为有气象记录以来第二暖年。海洋热容量及海平面高度创新高,海冰面积偏小。年内,全球各地发生了许多重大天气气候事件,包括多地遭遇暴雨洪涝侵袭,澳大利亚以及亚洲和欧洲多国受干旱影响,全球极端热带气旋频发,欧洲及澳大利亚等地遭遇异常高温热浪天气,北美和欧洲遭受寒流和暴风雪袭击,多地出现强对流天气。分析表明,印度洋偶极子（IOD）处于正位相、赤道中太平洋地区海温持续偏暖以及副热带高压系统控制是澳大利亚高温少雨的主要原因,最终引发严重的森林山火;前期异常偏强的IOD正位相叠加持续时间异常偏长的热带低压,促进了2019年印度7—8月强暴雨事件的发生发展。     

华中区域极端降水天气形势及物理量异常度特征

选取1960—2012年间共139例极端降水个例,对其降水特征、天气形势及物理量异常度进行了分类对比研究。结果发现:华中区域极端降水主要发生在四种不同的天气形势下,即纬向型、经向型、台风西风带冷槽结合型和短波槽前低涡暖切型,其个例占比分别为42.4%,30.2%,17.3%,10.1%;台风西风带冷槽结合型在暴雨站数、极端降水站数、极端降水量平均值均居四类最大,纬向型和经向型次之,短波槽前低涡暖切型最小;低层水汽辐合、中低层上升速度、低层风场辐合及气旋性涡度,高层风场辐散和大气可降水量的异常比例超过50%,是极端降水物理量异常的共性特征。个性特征为:纬向型500 hPa比湿异常比例较高,经向型中低层暖平流异常比例较高,台风西风带冷槽结合型500 hPa正涡度平流和中低层比湿异常比例较高,短波槽前低涡暖切型与其他类比异常量更集中于边界层且大气可降水量异常比例低。此外,极端降水预报除了要关注物理量异常程度,降水的持续时间也是重要因素之一。     

强热带风暴“碧利斯”（0604）极端降水研究回顾

强热带风暴“碧利斯”于2006年7月14日在我国福建省登陆,登陆后一路西行,在福建、浙江、湖南、江西、广东、广西多个省份产生强降水,其陆上维持时间之长、影响范围之广、降水极端性之强,在历史上极为罕见。“碧利斯”引发的降水主要有三个极值中心,分别对应着降水的三个阶段,其中第二阶段降水极端性最为突出,在湖南、江西和广东交界处发生了暴雨增幅,造成严重的洪涝灾害。为了更加全面地认识此次过程,本文对“碧利斯”产生极端降水的机制做了回顾总结,分别从有利的大尺度形势、中尺度系统的影响、地形作用、云微物理过程以及动力因子的诊断分析五个角度进行,最后对“碧利斯”极端降水区别于其他极端降水个例的机理以及进一步可能的研究方向进行了讨论。     

Perturbed Robe’s circular restricted three-body problem under an Oblate Primary

This paper examines the existence and linear stability of equilibrium points in the perturbed Robe’s circular restricted three-body problem under the assumption that the hydrostatic equilibrium figure of the first primary is an oblate spheroid. The problem is perturbed in the sense that small perturbations are given to the Coriolis and centrifugal forces are being considered. Results of the analysis found two axial equilibrium points on the line joining the centre of both primaries. It is further observed that under certain conditions, points on the circle within the first primary are also equilibrium points. And a special case where the density of the fluid and that of the infinitesimal mass are equal (D = 0) is discussed. The linear stability of this configuration is examined; it is observed that the first axial point is unstable while the second one is conditionally stable and the circular points are unstable.     

气候变化下水文极端事件变化预测研究进展

全球气候变化对洪水、干旱等极端水文事件的影响已成为一个亟待解决的科学问题.针对国内外在气候变化下采用统计降尺度和降雨径流模型对水文极端事件进行预测的研究进展进行了系统分析,在分类阐述的基础上,总结了国内外最新的研究进展及在预估过程中存在的问题和解决方案,试图凝练出一些气候变化背景下水文极端事件预估的新思路.结果表明:为有效降低极端水文事件预估的不确定性,各种集合模拟技术、数据同化方法、强化观测技术及水文模型的尺度转换理论将是有效的解决途径.     

北疆极端降水事件的区域性和持续性特征分析

基于新疆北部1961—2007年43个站点的逐日降水资料,采用百分位方法定义极端降水事件的阈值,分析了北疆地区极端降水事件的区域性和持续性特征.结果表明:春夏秋冬四季,大范围发生极端降水事件的区域分别位于北疆的东北部地区、北部地区、东北部地区和西北部地区以及东南地区,发生持续性较强的极端降水事件的频数大值中心分别集中在伊犁河谷、中东天山地区、北疆西南部和北疆盆地.持续1d的极端降水对总降水贡献四季分布均匀,夏季略高.差异主要表现为由春季到冬季,大值中心呈现出从北疆的东天山地区向中天山和盆地地区移动的趋势.持续2d的极端降水对总降水贡献四季之间差异较显著,一般夏、冬季的较大而春、秋季的则较小.各类持续性极端降水平均强度表明,北疆地区的强降水灾害多数是由持续时间较长的极端降水事件所造成的,四季北疆地区区域平均的持续性极端降水均为显著的线性上升趋势.     

利用上超点法重建渤海湾盆地辽中凹陷渐新世湖平面变化

标准层序是指同时包含高位体系域HST、湖侵体系域TST、下降体系域FSST和低位体系域LST的三级层序。通过对标准三级层序各类体系域中上超特征的分析,将一个标准层序的上超点分为5大类,即LST上超点、TST上超点、早期HST上超点、晚期HST上超点和FSST上超点,提出了通过统计层序内各类上超点来反演湖平面变化史的方法...