SRTM约束的无地面控制立体影像区域网平差

针对SRTM(shuttle radar topography mission)数据在平坦地形或局部区域的高程精度远远高于其标称精度的特点,研究设计了一种无地面控制条件下利用SRTM作为高程约束的立体区域网平差方法。通过构建一个较大范围区域网并匹配密集连接点,将SRTM作为连接点物方高程初值,并在平差解算过程中确保分布于地形平坦区域(根据经验,在该类区域SRTM精度较高)的连接点的物方高程严格趋近SRTM高程,最终实现大范围区域内影像高程精度的整体提升。通过以覆盖湖北省全境的资源三号卫星三线阵立体影像作为试验影像的试验验证表明,采用该平差方案,在无地面控制点条件下资源三号立体影像的高程中误差从7.2m提升到2.0m,其中地形平坦区域高程中误差1.44m,山地区域高程中误差3.0m,达到了我国1∶25 000比例尺测图应用的高程精度要求。     

Change in Extreme Climate Events over China Based on CMIP5

The changes in a selection of extreme climate indices(maximum of daily maximum temperature(TXx),minimum of daily minimum temperature(TNn),annual total precipitation when the daily precipitation exceeds the 95th percentile of wet-day precipitation(very wet days,R95p),and the maximum number of consecutive days with less than 1 mm of precipitation(consecutive dry days,CDD))were projected using multi-model results from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project in the early,middle,and latter parts of the 21st century under different Representative Concentration Pathway(RCP)emissions scenarios.The results suggest that TXx and TNn will increase in the future and,moreover,the increases of TNn under all RCPs are larger than those of TXx.R95p is projected to increase and CDD to decrease significantly.The changes in TXx,TNn,R95p,and CDD in eight sub-regions of China are different in the three periods of the 21st century,and the ranges of change for the four indices under the higher emissions scenario are projected to be larger than those under the lower emissions scenario.The multi-model simulations show remarkable consistency in their projection of the extreme temperature indices,but poor consistency with respect to the extreme precipitation indices.More substantial inconsistency is found in those regions where high and low temperatures are likely to happen for TXx and TNn,respectively.For extreme precipitation events(R95p),greater uncertainty appears in most of the southern regions,while for drought events(CDD)it appears in the basins of Xinjiang.The uncertainty in the future changes of the extreme climate indices increases with the increasing severity of the emissions scenario.     

极端降水事件变化的观测研究

回顾了气候变化背景下的极端降水事件变化观测研究的主要进展,结合全球变化的特点,重点讨论了中国极端降水事件的变化特征。指出：最近50多年,我国降水强度普遍趋于增加,降水日数除西北地区外其他大部分地区显著减少。极端降水与总降水量变化之间的关系很密切,西北西部、长江及长江以南地区极端强降水事件趋于频繁,华北地区虽然极端降水事件频数明显减少,但极端降水量占总降水量的比例仍有所增加。连阴雨产生的年降水量在华北、东北东部和西南东部地区明显减小,在青藏高原东部和一些东南沿海地区则增加。降水日数和微量降水日数减少是近年来我国干旱化趋势发展的一个重要特点。     

徕卡ADS 80数字航空相机空三精度分析

徕卡ADS 80数字航空相机采用POS/GPS精确导航定位技术进行航空摄影,通过对GPS差分数据进行常规布设控制点、少量布设控制点甚至无控制点的内业空三解算结果的对比分析,探讨外业像片控制点的布设方案对IMU/DGPS辅助航空摄影测量加密精度的影响,利用不同地形类别的加密数据,分析在保证成图精度的情况下如何减少外业工作量,降低生产成本,缩短生产周期。     

华北地区极端降水变化特征及多模式模拟评估

利用1961—2010年华北地区68个台站逐日降水数据计算了6个极端降水指数,对华北极端降水的时空变化特征进行了分析。进一步评估了CMIP5的31个全球气候模式对华北地区极端降水的模拟效果。结果表明:1华北地区极端降水指数具有较大地区性差异,平均日降水强度、极端降水阈值等指标东南高西北低,大雨日数和连续干日东西分布差异明显。6个极端降水指标的年际变化显示华北地区强降水事件增多的同时,极端干旱程度加剧。2CMIP5模式对华北地区极端降水指数的模拟差异较大,其中对平均日降水强度和极端降水阈值空间分布模拟能力较好,有1/3模式的空间相关系数超过了0.6。同一模式对不同指数的模拟能力也存在较大的差异。3模式模拟相关系数和均方根误差有较好的一致性,根据这两个指标分别得到两组模式排序,其相关系数超过了0.4。HadGEM2-CC,HadGEM2-ES,MIROC4h,MIROC5以及CCSM4是模拟华北地区极端指数最好的5个全球模式。相比于多模式集合平均,优选模式集合能够显著降低模拟的湿偏差。     

基于特征点的高程点自动抽稀法

针对传统地形图缩编中高程点抽稀存在的问题,提出基于特征点的高程点抽稀的方法,使用此方法一方面可以保留特征点处的高程点,另外可以实现高程点的自动抽稀。     

江淮梅雨期极端降水的气候特征

应用1959—2000年江淮地区76站逐日降水资料,对梅雨期月降水量进行REOF分解。将江淮区分为4个具有不同梅雨期降水空间分布特征的区域,进而分别分析这4个区域梅雨期暴雨以上极端降水的季节、年际和年代际变化特征,以及周期振荡和突变性质。结果表明:4个区暴雨以上极端降水总量和极端降水日数最大值均发生在梅雨期,梅雨期极端降水呈上升趋势,且具有不同的年际和年代际变化特征;江淮西南区梅雨期暴雨总量和暴雨日数在20世纪90年代还存在明显上升突变现象;4个区梅雨期极端降水存在不同时间尺度的周期振荡。     

降水时间随机性对月总降水量的影响

降水量在时间分布上呈现较大的随机性,极端降水事件尤为如此。受此影响,月初(月末) 1～5 d之内的累积降水量很可能会超过当月总降水量的50%乃至更多。对1961—2017年中国2 400多站点资料统计分析结果发现,月初(月末) 1～5 d累积降水量对当月总降水量显著影响事件的出现频次,在季节和空间分布上都有鲜明特征。主要包括:1)月初累积降水量对秋冬季中各月的总降水量影响更大,月末累积降水量对1—4月的月总降水量影响较大。2)受月初累积降水量的影响,显著站点数在某些年份的某些月份出现极大值;受单次事件显著影响的站点数占全国总站点数的30%～50%,此即对应着一次全国大范围的极端降水事件。3)受月初(月末)累积降水量显著影响的站点空间分布随季节变化呈现出明显空间集聚特征。     

Decadal Variability of Extreme Precipitation Days over Northwest China from 1963 to 2012

Daily precipitation data from 153 meteorological stations over Northwest China during summer from 1963 to 2012 were selected to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution of extreme summer precipitation frequency. The results show that the extreme precipitation frequency was regional dependent. Southern Gansu, northern Qinghai, and southern Shaanxi provinces exhibited a high extreme precipitation frequency and were prone to abrupt changes in the frequency. Northwest China was further divided into three sub-regions (northern, central, and southern) based on cluster analysis of the 50-yr extreme precipitation frequency series for each meteorological station. The extreme precipitation frequency changes were manifested in the northern region during the late 1970s and in the central region from the end of the 1980s to the 1990s. The southern region fluctuated on a timescale of quasi-10 yr. This study also explored the mechanism of changes in extreme precipitation frequency. The results demonstrate that stratification stability, atmospheric water vapor content, and upward motion all affected the changes in extreme precipitation frequency.