人工降雨条件下冲沟型泥石流起动试验研究

下垫面以位于贡嘎山东坡的熊家沟为模型,开展了不同降雨强度条件下冲沟型泥石流起动的模拟试验,初步研究了冲沟型泥石流的形成机理和演化特征.试验研究表明:(1)在强降雨条件下,水体入渗速度、不同深度土体含水量变化与降雨强度呈反比例关系,降雨强度越大,越不利于水体入渗,而有利于坡面汇流、冲沟径流和下切侵蚀; (2)在强降雨和径流条件下,土体破坏方式、破坏程度以及泥石流形成机理表现出差异性.相对较小雨强降雨条件下,土体破坏方式以滑坡为主,泥石流形成模式表现为滑坡液化与转化起动,雨强较大降雨条件下,土体破坏方式以侵蚀垮塌为主,泥石流形成模式为洪流席卷垮塌体和沟床揭底; (3)起动试验中泥石流阵性特征明显.在强降雨条件下,雨强与泥石流的规模、黏度之间没有正相关性,雨强越大,泥石流黏度越小,试验中多出现的是高含砂洪流,而相对较小雨强作用下由土体液化转化形成的泥石流黏度较大.试验现象和结果与熊家沟泥石流起动、发生过程具有较高的一致性.     

底水稠油油藏人工隔层形态及影响因素研究

应用室内实验与数值模拟两种方法,系统地研究了底水稠油油藏人工隔层形态展布及其影响因素.室内物理模拟实验利用人造岩心,定性、定量地分析了不同沉积特征、不同注入隔层介质速度、体积和黏度下隔层形态特征,并应用数值模拟方法,对比验证了室内研究结果.结果表明：不同沉积特征形成的隔层形态有明显区别,针对不同沉积特征地层应采取不同的堵水措施;注入速度越小越好,但考虑到凝胶固结的时间和施工作业可以适当提高注入速度;改变注入凝胶浓度,对隔层形态的影响较大,注入凝胶的浓度越高、黏度越大,纵向上隔层厚度也越大;注入体积越大形成的隔层半径和厚度越大,但整体形态相似.     

Comparison of the observation capability of an X-band phased-array radar with an X-band Doppler radar and S-band operational radar

An X-band phased-array meteorological radar （XPAR） was developed in China and will be installed in an airplane to observe precipitation systems for research purposes.In order to examine the observational capability of the XPAR and to test the operating mode and calibration before installation in the airplane,a mobile X-band Doppler radar （XDR） and XPAR were installed at the same site to observe convective precipitation events.Nearby S-band operational radar （SA） data were also collected to examine the reflectivity bias of XPAR.An algorithm for quantitative analysis of reflectivity and velocity differences and radar sensitivity of XPAR is presented.The reflectivity and velocity biases of XPAR are examined with SA and XDR.Reflectivity sensitivities,the horizontal and vertical structures of reflectivity by the three radars are compared and analyzed.The results indicated that while the XPRA with different operating modes can capture the main characteristic of 3D structures of precipitation,and the averaged reflectivity differences between XPAR and XDR,and XDR and SA,were 0.4 dB and 6.6 dB on 13 July and-4.5 dB and 5.1 dB on 2 August 2012,respectively.The minimum observed reflectivities at a range of 50 km for XPAR,XDR and SA were about 15.4 dBZ,13.5 dBZ and-3.5 dBZ,respectively.The bias of velocity between XPAR and XDR was negligible.This study provides a possible method for the quantitative comparison of the XPAR data,as well as the sensitivity of reflectivity,calibration,gain and bias introduced by pulse compression.     

三种叠放形式的圆管型人工鱼礁流场效应数值模拟与PIV试验研究

人工鱼礁单体按不同的数量和排列方式组合投放会产生不同的流场效应。圆管型礁为目前黄渤海区增殖礁的重要礁体型式,为优化该礁体的投放数量与排列方式,选择了3种不同叠放个数(1个、3个和6个)的圆管礁,设定了5个流速梯度(4.5、9.0、13.5、18.0和22.5cm/s),利用PIV粒子图像测速技术和Fluent数值模拟软件对圆管型人工鱼礁的流场进行水槽模型试验和数值模拟。结果表明,数值模拟结果与水槽试验结果基本吻合,误差在20%以下,表明数值模拟能够反映人工鱼礁的流场效应;当礁体叠放个数一定时,最大上升流流速、上升流高度和上升流面积均随来流速度的增加而增大,背涡流面积呈现不规则的变化;当来流速度一定时,最大上升流流速、上升流面积、上升流高度和背涡流面积均随礁体叠放个数的增加而增大。     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS FOR THE EFFECTS OF TWO MODEL INITIALIZATION SCHEMES ON RAINFALL FORECAST IN THE 2008 FLOODING SEASON

In this paper, based on heavy rain numerical forecast model AREM （Advanced Regional Eta Model）, two different initialization schemes, LAPS and GRAPES-3DVAR, are used to run assimilation experiments of AREM-LAPS and AREM-3DVAR with the same data source （NCEP forecast field, surface data and radio-soundings） during the period from 21 May to 30 July 2008 to investigate the effect of the two initialization schemes on the rainfall simulation. The result suggests that： （1） the forecast TS score by the AREM-LAPS is higher than that by the AREM-3DVAR for rainfall in different areas, at different valid time and with different intensity, especially for the heavy rain, rainstorm and extremely heavy rain; （2） the AREM-3DVAR can generally simulate the average rainfall distribution, but the forecast area is smaller and rainfall intensity is weaker than the observation, while the AREM-LAPS significantly improves the forecast; （3） the AREM-LAPS gives a better forecast for the south-north shift of rainfall bands and the rainfall intensity variation than the AREM-3DVAR; （4） the AREM-LAPS can give a better reproduction for the daily change in the mean-rainfall-rate of the main rain band, and rainfall intensity changes in the eastern part of Southwest China, the coastal area in South China, the middle-lower valleys of Yangtze river, the Valleys of Huaihe river, and Shandong peninsula, with the rainfall intensity roughly close to the observation, while the rainfall intensity simulated by the AREM-3DVAR is clearly weaker than the observation, especially in the eastern part of Southwest China; and （5） the comparison verification between the AREM-LAPS and AREM-3DVAR for more than 10 typical rainfall processes in the summer of 2008 indicates that the AREM-LAPS gives a much better forecast than AREM-3DVAR in rain-band area, rainfall location and intensity, and in particular, the rainfall intensity forecast is improved obviously.     

Obtaining public support for North-South climate funding: Evidence from conjoint experiments in donor countries

The adoption of the Warsaw mechanism on loss and damage has again highlighted the North-South divide in those parts of UNFCCC negotiations dealing with international climate finance. Current estimates put required funding from rich countries at 50–100 billion Euros per year to induce non-Annex I countries to take on greenhouse gas limitation commitments and to assist highly vulnerable countries. Results from survey-embedded conjoint experiments can help policy-makers anticipate opportunities and pitfalls in designing large-scale climate funding schemes. We implemented such experiments in the United States and Germany to better understand what institutional design characteristics are likely to garner more public support for climate funding among citizens in key developed countries. We find that climate funding receives more public support if it flows to efficient governments, funding decisions are made jointly by donor and recipient countries, funding is used both for mitigation and adaptation, and other donor countries contribute a large share. Contrary to what one might expect, climate change damage levels, income, and emissions in/of potential recipient countries have no significant effect on public support. These findings suggest that finance mechanisms that focus purely on compensating developing countries, without contributing to the global public good of mitigation, will find it hard to garner public support.     

数字摄影测量开放实验室的建设与实践

针对培养创新性人才对高校开放实验室的要求,介绍数字摄影测量实验室的开放形式与管理制度,阐述综合创新性实验设置的特点与具体项目,提出促进实验室社会化发展的一些途径和方法.通过几年的实践表明,实验室开放建设既增强学生的专业实践能力和创新能力,也促进教师的科研与教学能力.     

基于认知风格的遥感导论实验教学体系的建立与实践

从认知风格理论出发,顺应学习者的认知风格差异,建立多层次、一体化的实验教学体系,并从实验教学的内容、过程、环境与考核出发,构建个性化的学习平台,以培养学习者的实践能力与创新精神。     

基于DEM的机载LiDAR航线设计

本文参照我国航空摄影标准中有关相机的部分,深入研究了基于DEM的机载LiDAR航线设计中的关键技术,并研发出了LiDAR航线设计系统.试验表明,与传统航线设计方式相比,基于DEM的航线设计方式能够设计出更为准确、合理的航线.     

测绘工程专业《空间数据库原理》课程教学探讨

《空间数据库原理》课程是测绘工程专业的专业主干课程,是近十几年迅速发展起来的一门新兴学科,在测绘工程专业的课程体系中占有重要地位。本文对课程的教学内容和实验内容阐述了一些初步思考,并从启发式教学、案例教学法和科研驱动法三方面,探讨该课程的研究性教学方法,培养学生创新思维和灵活运用能力,提高《空间数据库原理》课程的教学质量。