Determination of the role of entrapped air in water flow in a closed soil pipe using a laboratory experiment

Soil pipes, continuous macropores parallel to the soil surface, are an important factor in hillslope hydrological processes. However, the water flow dynamics in soil pipes, especially closed soil pipes, are not well understood. In this study, the water and air dynamics within closed soil pipes have been investigated in a bench‐scale laboratory experiment by using a soil box with an artificial acrylic soil pipe. In order to grasp the state of water and air within the soil pipe, we directly measured the existing soil pipe flow and air pressure in the soil pipe. The laboratory experiment showed that air in the soil pipe had an important role in the water flow in the closed soil pipe. When air entrapment occurred in the soil pipe before the soil matrix around the soil pipe was saturated with water, water intrusion in the soil pipe was prevented by air entrapped in the pipe, which inhibited the soil pipe flow. This air entrapment in the soil pipe was controlled by the soil water and air flow. Moreover, after the soil pipe flow started, the soil pipe was not filled completely with water even when the soil pipe was completely submerged under the groundwater table. The entrapped air in the soil pipe prevented further water intrusion in the soil pipe.     

Double funnelling in a mature coastal British Columbia forest: spatial patterns of stemflow after infiltration

Many studies have focused on the amount of stemflow in different forests and for different rainfall events, but few studies have focused on how stemflow intensity varies during events or the infiltration of stemflow into the soil. Stemflow may lead to higher water delivery rates at the base of the tree compared with throughfall over the same area and fast and deeper infiltration of this water along roots and other preferential flow pathways. In this study, stemflow amounts and intensities were measured and blue dye experiments were conducted in a mature coniferous forest in coastal British Columbia to examine double funnelling of stemflow. Stemflow accounted for only 1% of precipitation and increased linearly with event total precipitation. Funnelling ratios ranged from less than 1 to almost 20; smaller trees had larger funnelling ratios. Stemflow intensity generally was highest for periods with high‐intensity rainfall later in the event. The maximum stemflow intensities were higher than the maximum precipitation intensities. Dye tracer experiments showed that stemflow infiltrated primarily along roots and was found more frequently at depth than near the soil surface. Lateral flow of stemflow was observed above a dense clay layer for both the throughfall and stemflow experiments. Stemflow appeared to infiltrate deeper (122 cm) than throughfall (85 cm), but this difference was in part a result of site‐specific differences in maximum soil depth. However, the observed high stemflow intensities combined with preferential flow of stemflow may lead to enhanced subsurface stormflow. This suggests that even though stemflow is only a very minor component of the water balance, it may still significantly affect soil moisture, recharge, and runoff generation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

课程思政视域下地图学课程教学探索与改革研究

立足《地图学》课程的特点,对其课程思政教育所具有的特色优势及主要方向进行了的梳理和总结,以期将无形的价值观教育与有形的专业知识有机融合,充分发挥该课程的育人价值,也为其他专业课程开展思政教学提供参考。     

斜向挤压叠加变形的构造解析 ——以四川威远地区为例

威远地区位于四川盆地西南部,其构造主体威远背斜属于大型穹隆状背斜构造,经历了多期构造运动的叠加变形,前人对威远背斜的形成过程与机制认识存在很大争议,无法满足油气精细勘探和高效开发的需要。本文通过地震资料的构造解析,确定威远背斜主体是在基底先存构造(NE向基底古隆起)的条件下,在燕山期近NS向斜向挤压作用过程中形成的,喜山期近EW向斜向挤压作用对其构造变形也有一定的贡献。按此认识设计了砂箱模拟实验,实验结果在平面和剖面上很好地再现了威远背斜的构造特征,表明了上述认识的合理性。这些认识不仅能为威远地区油气的勘探开发提供指导,还可以为相似区域的构造形成演化机制分析提供借鉴。     

智慧教学环境下“地理信息系统原理与应用”课程教学综合改革与实践

笔者以新一轮本科教育教学改革为契机,以社会经济发展、测绘地理信息行业领域对人才的新需求及课程教学问题为导向,以对地观测技术、大数据、人工智能、互联网+等新技术发展为驱动力,以智慧教学环境为教学框架,落实OBE理念,根据毕业要求反向设计课程目标,以学生为中心,对线上线下混合教学模式、故事教学法、协同育人、全过程考核等教学方法和管理方式进行深入探索,从课程思政、教学模式、教学内容、教学方法、教学组织、教学管理等方面开展多项综合改革和创新。以“地理信息系统原理与应用”教学实践为例,对相关模式和方法进行验证,取得了良好的教学成效,课程质量得到提升,有力支撑了毕业生核心能力的发展,相关成果获得多项教学奖励,得到学生好评和同行专家认可。     

2013年暖季试验概述

2013年,国家气象中心联合中国气象科学研究院、南京大学、中国科学院大气物理研究所开展暖季试验,探索业务单位与科研单位合作的新途径,以实现对业务相关研究的促进并加速有应用前景的技术向业务转化。本文介绍支持暖季试验的仿真业务环境、强天气联合会商及凝练的科学技术问题以及新技术应用测试转化结果。通过暖季试验,搭建起能对业务数据和被测试转化成果产品实时保障的仿真业务数据环境、完全仿业务定量降水预报和强对流天气预报的仿真业务分析预报交互平台以及能实时评估业务数值模式和测试模式产品的客观检验系统。定期联合会商为预报员和科学家提供了面对面的交流平台,使得科学家更加了解业务需求并通过分析研究解决部分会商中提出的科学技术问题。新技术应用测试转化试验表明： 高分辨率中尺度数值模式对提升强对流和暴雨天气的预报水平有积极意义,雷达风场反演技术、卫星天气应用平台对中尺度天气的快速分析有意义。而预报员与科技成果研发人员能否密切合作是影响科技成果业务转化的重要因素。     

GRAPES-MESO模式浅对流参数化的改进与试验

参考Berg 等2005、2013年提出的扰动对流触发函数方法,对GRAPES-Meso模式积云对流参数化方案(KF eta)中的浅对流激发进行改进设计和试验,将单一的温、湿度触发改为对近地层进行一组温度、湿度扰动后的触发,并且用与该组扰动相关的边界层温、湿度分布确定的联合概率密度函数(JPDF)来表征浅对流云的特征参量及计算浅对流的强度。 着重分析了改进方案的浅对流激发、浅对流对环境场的反馈、模式地面降水和2 m气温的相关响应等,并与原方案和相关观测比较,验证了改进方案的合理性。 结果显示,改进方案比原方案能较早地激发出浅对流,且浅对流的激发频次高,浅对流激发的增加致使在模式低层距地数百米至2—3 km的垂直层内对环境温、湿度场和云雨水反馈增大,对GRAPES-Meso浅对流激发偏弱有改进作用,并对格点尺度与次网格尺度降水分配比不协调有改进。 对连续两个月批量试验的检验表明,浅对流激发的改进,可对GRAPES-Meso的24 h降水预报技巧的提高和2 m气温偏差的减小等产生不同程度的正影响。     

在特殊疫情背景下《城市地理资讯学》MOOC课程教学实施效果分析

在新冠肺炎疫情期间,线上教学大规模开展,相关线上教学问题逐渐成为研究热点。传统的测绘地理类课程的教学方式主要是上课时以老师传授知识为主,课后以学生完成作业为辅的方式进行。但是,这种教学方式比较单一,并且在科学化考核和促进学生学习主动性等方面存在诸多问题。然而,线上网络课程是通过互联网以电子设备为教学平台,具有不受教学时空限制、教学方法灵活多样和丰富学生的学习方式等优点。因此,对《城市地理资讯学》MOOC(massive online open courses)课程实施效果进行分析,为其他测绘地理类网络课程设计提供优化思路,同时为无法进行面授教学的特殊时期提供一种有效的教学方案。     

开源体系在GIS软件开发课程中的应用

商用GIS软件在GIS教学中的应用削弱了学生对原理和算法的认知和探索,有必要采用开源GIS体系进行代替。本文针对GIS软件开发系列课程的教学目标和知识点,对开源GIS软件体系进行了分类,并从许可协议、开发模式等方面提出了一套涉及GIS软件底层开发、桌面端开发、WebGIS开发和移动GIS开发的开源解决方案。通过教学实践证明,本文提出的开源解决方案能够显著提升学生的GIS软件开发技能。     

冻融循环作用下宽级配砾质土的渗透特性

针对西北地区特殊的气候条件和砾质土料源丰富的实际情况,提出采用宽级配砾质土代替黏土作为土工合成材料膨润土垫(GCls)的保护层共同构成垃圾填埋场复合防渗系统的构想。文中选取宁夏银川地区冲-洪积作用形成的天然砾质土料,经人工掺和制配成满足规范对GCls防渗垫保护层渗透系数要求的宽级配砾质土样,在实验室对该土样进行了冻融循环作用下的渗透性能试验研究。结果显示,随着冻融次数的逐渐增加,土样的冻胀率逐渐变大,渗透系数也相应增大,经过12次冻融循环后,渗透系数约增大1～2个数量级;冻融循环初期,冻融作用对土样的影响最为剧烈,随着冻融循环次数的增加以及时间的延续,土样性状逐渐趋于稳定。由于宽级配砾质土对冻融循环作用的敏感性小于粉质黏性土,故采用宽级配砾质土作为Cls/GM的保护层共同组成填埋场复合防渗系统是值得期待的。