浙江湖州地区膨胀土特征探讨

文章通过膨胀土的分布、成因类型、成分和结构特征及物理、力学性质的分析 ,证实膨胀土并非是理想的持力层     

High-temperature X-ray investigation of natural columbites

Structural investigations at high temperature were carried out on natural columbite samples across the join Fe(Nb_0.95Ta_0.05)₂O₆–Mn(Nb_0.95Ta_0.05)₂O₆. The samples were preliminarily annealed to attain the complete cation-ordered state and avoid the superimposition of the effects of cation ordering during high-temperature studies. Unit-cell parameters of three columbites with different X_Fe content were measured at regular intervals in the temperature range 25–900 °C using single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The crystal structures of completely ordered ferrocolumbite and manganocolumbite were also refined from intensity data collected at room temperature, 300 and 600 °C. Structural thermal expansion coefficients show positive, linear expansion of a, b, c lattice constants and cell volume. In general, slightly higher expansion occurs along a and c directions. However, anisotropy decreases sharply with decreasing Fe content. Reversibility of thermal expansion in the investigated temperature range was checked by high-temperature diffraction studies under heating-up and cooling-down conditions. Impurities do not play an important role in thermal expansion of columbites; expansion coefficients measured on two crystals of the same sample characterized by different Ti content are in fact almost identical. Structural changes with temperature essentially affect bond lengths: volumes of both A and B octahedral sites increase linearly with temperature, whereas interpolyhedral geometrical parameters do not vary significantly.     

Characterization of beryl (aquamarine variety) from pegmatites of Minas Gerais,Brazil

Eight samples of the beryl variety aquamarine were selected from four pegmatites in the Governador Valadares and Araçuaí regions in northeastern Minas Gerais State, Brazil. These samples were fully characterized by chemical analysis, infrared and UV-visible spectroscopy, thermal analyses, and high-temperature X-ray diffraction (from room temperature up to 800 °C). Several physical and chemical properties of beryl were found to depend on the amount of water and ions residing in the structural channels. The thermal expansion coefficients from room temperature to about 800 °C are temperature-independent, with αa ? ?3.2 × 10^?6 ° C^?1 and αc ? ?8.7 × 10^?6 ° C^?1. The contraction of both a and c unit-cell parameters with increasing temperature and the shift of the infrared band centered at about 1200 cm^?1 were tentatively ascribed to interactions between channel water and the silicate rings.The color of beryl seems to be dictated by the relative proportions of Fe³⁺ in the octahedralsites and of fe²⁺ in the channels. Thus, deep-blue samples have little Fe³⁺, whereas greener samples have more Fe³⁺ or less channel Fe²⁺.     

Ground water contaminant transport by nondivergence-free, unsteady and nonstationary velocity fields

Pore flow velocity is assumed to be a nondivergence-free, unsteady, and nonstationary random function of space and time for ground water contaminant transport in a heterogeneous medium. The laboratory-scale stochastic contaminant transport equation is up scaled to field scale by taking the ensemble average of the equation by using the cumulant expansion method. A new velocity correction, which is a function of mean pore flow velocity divergence, is obtained due to strict second order cumulant expansion (without omitting any term after the expansion). The field scale transport equations under the divergence-free pore flow velocity field assumption are also derived by simplifying the nondivergence-free field scale equation. The significance of the new velocity correction term is investigated on a two dimensional transport problem driven by a density dependent flow.     

Perspectives on present-day sea level change: a tribute to Christian le Provost

In this paper, we first discuss the controversial result of the work by Cabanes et al. (Science 294:840–842, 2001), who suggested that the rate of past century sea level rise may have been overestimated, considering the limited and heterogeneous location of historical tide gauges and the high regional variability of thermal expansion which was supposed to dominate the observed sea level. If correct, this conclusion would have solved the problem raised by the IPCC third assessment report [Church et al, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 881, 2001], namely, the factor two difference between the 20th century observed sea level rise and the computed climatic contributions. However, recent investigations based on new ocean temperature data sets indicate that thermal expansion only explains part (about 0.4 mm/year) of the 1.8 mm/year observed sea level rise of the past few decades. In fact, the Cabanes et al.’s conclusion was incorrect due to a contamination of abnormally high ocean temperature data in the Gulf Stream area that led to an overestimate of thermal expansion in this region. In this paper, we also estimate thermal expansion over the last decade (1993–2003), using a new ocean temperature and salinity database. We compare our result with three other estimates, two being based on global gridded data sets, and one based on an approach similar to that developed here. It is found that the mean rate of thermosteric sea level rise over the past decade is 1.5±0.3 mm/year, i.e. 50% of the observed 3 mm/year by satellite altimetry. For both time spans, past few decades and last decade, a contribution of 1.4 mm/year is not explained by thermal expansion, thus needs to be of water mass origin. Direct estimates of land ice melt for the recent years account for about 1 mm/year sea level rise. Thus, at least for the last decade, we have moved closer to explaining the observed rate of sea level rise than the IPCC third assessment report.     

Modeling thermal deformation of VLBI antennas with a new temperature model

Temperature variations at very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) sites cause thermal deformations of the VLBI antennas and corresponding displacements of the VLBI reference points. The thermal deformation effects typically contain seasonal and daily signatures. The amplitudes of the annual vertical motion of the antenna reference point can reach several millimeters, depending on the design of the antenna structure, on the material, and on the environmental effects such as global station position, station height and climatology effects. Simple methods to correct this effect use the difference of the environmental temperature with respect to a defined reference temperature, the antenna dimensions, the elevation of the antenna, the material of antenna structure. Applying these simple models for thermal deformation in the VLBI data analysis improves the baseline length repeatability by 3.5%. A comparison of these simple models with local thermal deformation measurements at the antennas in Onsala and Wettzell show that the local measurements and the modeled corrections agree well when the temperature of the antenna structure is used, but agree less good when the surrounding air temperatures are used. To overcome this problem we present a method to model temperature penetration into the antenna structures, that allows to model thermal deformation effects that agree with the observed vertical deformation of the Onsala and Wettzell radio telescopes with a root mean square deviation of 0.07 and 0.13 mm, respectively. Possible implementations in the VLBI analysis are presented, and the definition of an adequate reference temperature is discussed.     

硫酸盐渍土在多次冻融循环时的盐胀累加规律

通过室内模拟试验,研究了硫酸盐渍土在历经多次冻融循环时的盐胀累加规律,得出了盐胀累加的不同类型,给出了累加盐胀率与循环次烽之间的关系式,进一步揭示了盐胀累加的 和影响因素。     

Approximate analysis for relative motion of satellite formation flying in elliptical orbits

This paper studies the relative motion of satellite formation flying in arbitrary elliptical orbits with no perturbation. The trajectories of the leader and follower satellites are projected onto the celestial sphere. These two projections and celestial equator intersect each other to form a spherical triangle, in which the vertex angles and arc-distances are used to describe the relative motion equations. This method is entitled the reference orbital element approach. Here the dimensionless distance is defined as the ratio of the maximal distance between the leader and follower satellites to the semi-major axis of the leader satellite. In close formations, this dimensionless distance, as well as some vertex angles and arc-distances of this spherical triangle, and the orbital element differences are small quantities. A series of order-of-magnitude analyses about these quantities are conducted. Consequently, the relative motion equations are approximated by expansions truncated to the second order, i.e. square of the dimensionless distance. In order to study the problem of periodicity of relative motion, the semi-major axis of the follower is expanded as Taylor series around that of the leader, by regarding relative position and velocity as small quantities. Using this expansion, it is proved that the periodicity condition derived from Lawden’s equations is equivalent to the condition that the Taylor series of order one is zero. The first-order relative motion equations, simplified from the second-order ones, possess the same forms as the periodic solutions of Lawden’s equations. It is presented that the latter are further first-order approximations to the former; and moreover, compared with the latter more suitable to research spacecraft rendezvous and docking, the former are more suitable to research relative orbit configurations. The first-order relative motion equations are expanded as trigonometric series with eccentric anomaly as the angle variable. Except the terms of order one, the trigonometric series’ amplitudes are geometric series, and corresponding phases are constant both in the radial and in-track directions. When the trajectory of the in-plane relative motion is similar to an ellipse, a method to seek this ellipse is presented. The advantage of this method is shown by an example.     

基于珞珈一号与DMSP/OLS数据的辽宁省城市空间扩张分析

基于珞珈一号和DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据,提取辽宁省城市空间用地信息并监测分析了2003—2018年城市空间扩张特征。结果表明:1)利用辽宁省DMSP/OLS长时间序列夜间灯光数据提出了一种适合校正长时间序列DMSP/OLS数据的校正方法,提高了数据的连续性和可对比性;2)弥补了统计数据在空间属性的不足,消除了过去单纯依靠统计数据分析城市空间扩张的弊端,为其他省市分析城市扩张提供新的遥感监测分析方法;3)在2003—2018年间,辽宁省城市空间扩张存在城市空间扩张与南方省份相比发展比较缓慢及协调性欠佳等问题。     

地质钻探中的井漏及堵漏材料研究

通过对钻探过程中井漏的复杂地质因素分析,提出了水化膨胀复合材料体系,并对该体系进行了膨胀性、封堵性及复合桥接堵漏模拟实验。实验结果表明,堵漏材料PAR具有很强的吸水膨胀性能,可膨胀至原体积的几十倍,且时间快有利于形成快速的封堵。材料PAR与稻谷和锯末形成的复合堵漏材料具有很强的堵塞率,可达70%以上。承压堵漏测量装置中测试表明:复合堵漏体系不仅能形成封堵,而且能够承受一定的压差。在云南临仓市勐简乡铅锌矿钻探过程中,运用复合堵漏体系满足了该地区复杂地矿钻探需要。