基于数据跟踪分析的新疆区域电磁仪器环境干扰特征分析

本文基于2008-2018年数据跟踪分析产品,通过分类归纳总结,分析新疆区域电磁仪器的8类环境干扰因素。通过对干扰成因的分析,列举具体典型事件,分析各类环境干扰事件的数据曲线形态及变化特征,为新疆区域有相同手段的台站在数据跟踪分析中提供有效事例和参考。同时,根据新疆区域8类环境干扰因素的成因和数据曲线变化特征,为进一步提取地震前兆异常信息,分析和应用电磁观测资料进行地震预报提供可靠依据和参考价值。     

Intertidal boulder transport: A proposed methodology adopting Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology to quantify storm induced boulder mobility

Boulder transport is an area of growing interest to coastal scientists as a means of improving our understanding of the complex interactions between extreme wave activity and the evolution of rocky coasts. However, our knowledge of the response of intertidal boulder deposits to contemporary storm events remains limited due to a lack of quantifiable field-based evidence. We address this by presenting a methodology incorporating Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tagging and Differential Global Positioning Navigation Satellite System (DGNSS) technology to monitor and accurately quantify the displacement of RFID tagged boulders resulting from storm wave activity. Based on preliminary findings we highlight the suitability of the technology and methodology to better understand the spatial and temporal response of intertidal boulders to contemporary storm events. We inserted RFID tags in 104 limestone boulders (intermediate axes from 0.27 to 2.85 m) across a range of morphogenic settings at two sites on the intertidal shore platforms at Bembridge, Isle of Wight (UK). Fifteen topographic surveys were conducted between July 2015 and May 2017 to relocate and record tagged boulder locations (tag recovery rate: 91%). The relocated boulder coordinate data from both sites identified 164 individual transport events in 63% of the tagged boulder array amounting to 184.6 m of transport, including the displacement of a boulder weighing more than 10 tonnes. Incidents of boulder quarrying and overturning during transport were also recorded, demonstrating that despite the relatively sheltered location, intertidal boulders are created and regularly transported under moderate storm conditions. This suggests that contemporary storm events have a greater propensity to mobilise boulders in the intertidal range than has previously been realised. Consequently, by documenting our methodology we provide guidance to others and promote further use of RFID technology to enable new hypotheses on boulder transport to be tested in a range of field settings and wave regimes. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The impact of typhoons on sediment connectivity: lessons learnt from contaminated coastal catchments of the Fukushima Prefecture (Japan)

Sediment connectivity characterizes the physical transfer of sediment through different geomorphic compartments in catchments due to sediment detachment, transport and deposition. Quantifying and modelling sediment connectivity is therefore a key prerequisite to improving our understanding of the dispersion of particle‐borne contaminants, especially in catchments exposed to highly erosive climates. The objective of this study is to provide novel insights into typhoon impacts on sediment connectivity from hillslopes to rivers. The dispersion of particle‐bound caesium‐137 (¹³⁷Cs) was investigated in two coastal catchments draining the main contamination plume from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. Five sampling campaigns were carried out from November 2011 to November 2015, after each typhoon season. The spatial and temporal evolution of ¹³⁷Cs contamination was investigated through the calculation of ¹³⁷Cs enrichment ratios in sediment relative to nearby soils. Rainfall erosivity (EI₃₀) associated with the main typhoons that occurred prior to each sampling campaign were computed, mapped, and finally used to improve a topographic‐based index of connectivity. From 2011 to 2015, mean contamination levels in Mano and Niida catchments decreased from 11.9 kBq kg^?1 to 3.3 kBq kg^?1 and from 34.1 kBq kg^?1 to 8.0 kBq kg^?1, respectively. Regional mean EI₃₀ ranged from 262 MJ mm ha^?1 h^?1 for typhoon Jelawat (in 2012) to 1695 MJ mm ha^?1 h^?1 for typhoon Roke (in 2011). Typhoons Roke (2011) and Etau (2015) showed the highest connectivity from contaminated sources to the rivers, and induced a significant export of sediment to the ocean. In 2013 a slight increase in ¹³⁷Cs levels in river sediments occurred, likely resulting from initial decontamination works and the occurrence of two consecutive typhoons. Importantly, this research provides new insights into the connectivity of the main sources of sediments contaminated with radiocaesium in Fukushima Prefecture and their temporal evolution, which will help with ongoing decontamination efforts. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于贝叶斯时空模型的城管事件时空变化分析

城市管理事件具有显著的地域特征和周期性特征,挖掘城管事件中隐含的时空规律和潜在影响因子对城市管理具有重要指导意义。然而,目前针对城管事件时空变化及影响因素驱动效应的研究仍较为少见。本文基于贝叶斯时空模型,针对西北某地H市P区的街面秩序类、市容环境类以及宣传广告类城管事件在一周之中的时空演变特征进行建模分析,并探究了影响城管事件案发风险的潜在影响因子。研究发现：① 在空间上,3类城管事件的相对风险分布存在差异,街面秩序类事件集中在城市的居住功能区和商业功能区,而市容环境类集中在城市的居住功能区,宣传广告类主要集中在城市的商业功能区,空间风险后验概率估计表明,以上2个区域是城管事件的热点区域。② 在时间上,每逢周二、周五以及周六,城管事件的相对风险较为突出,但总体上没有明显的单调性。每天的8—10时和14—15时是城管事件高发的时段,其相对风险远高于其他时段。③ 城市建成环境对城管事件的潜在影响存在差异。研究区域内餐饮、交通、生活服务等城市基础设施与城管事件的关联最为紧密,且都表现为正相关。④ 城管事件的案发风险呈现出明显的时空异质性,渐进性的建模过程表明在分析城管事件数据时考虑空间与时间效应的影响是合理且有必要的。研究表明,贝叶斯时空模型的分析结果满足城管部门日常工作中关于城管事件智能分析与重点管控的需求。     

“一带一路”区域近57 a干旱事件及其人口暴露度特征

基于东英吉利大学气候研究所全球逐月降水与潜在蒸散发格点数据集,以标准化降水蒸散指数为干旱指标,采用改进的强度—面积—持续时间极端事件识别方法,对“一带一路”区域干旱事件及其人口暴露度特征进行研究。结果表明：(1)1960—2016年“一带一路”区域呈现变干趋势,至1992年有所缓解,空间上显著干旱区域主要分布在沙特阿拉伯、伊朗、蒙古、中国等。(2)区域年均发生干旱事件89次,以持续1—2个月干旱事件为主,占总事件频次的82%;年均总影响面积约0.92×10⁸ km²,以持续3—5个月的干旱事件影响面积最大,约占年均总影响面积的44.8%;干旱事件最强中心强度均达到极端干旱强度。(3)持续3—5和6—8个月干旱事件频次、影响面积和事件最强中心强度均呈增加趋势,需引起重视。(4)区域干旱事件的人口暴露度多年均值为5.43亿人,不同持续时间干旱事件的人口暴露度均显著增加,尤其2000年以后,年均人口暴露度达7.88亿人,较多年均值高出45%。     

Paleo-environmental changes in the Yangtze Delta during past 8000 years

The Yangtze Delta is one of the economically most developed areas in China. It is located in the eastern China monsoon region. Archaeological excavations and environment-archaeology studies over many years in this region provide exceptional information about climate changes, development of human civilization and also human-environment interactions. Archaeological excavations made in the study region reveal that the development of Neolithic cultures is not continuous, which may be a result of extreme climatic events. The analysis of ^14C-dated buried paleotrees, peat and shell ridges show the rise and fall of human civilization in the study area. The research results presented in this paper confirm that human civilization collapsed six times in the Yangtze Delta, matching six high sea level epoches, peat accumulation and buried paleotrees formation periods respectively. This indicates that human activities in the Yangtze Delta are controlled by local climate changes and changing hydrological conditions. The collapse of the Liangzhu culture (5000 aBP-3800 aBP) in about 4000 aBP, after a tremendous flooding event, followed by a relatively backward Maqiao culture (3800 aBP-3200 aBP) confused researchers and aroused their great interest. The research results in this paper show that the collapse of the Liangzhu culture is a result of several factors, for example war and food shortage, but the flooding event occurred in the late Liangzhu culture epoch is the main factor therein.     

Nannoplankton successions in the northern Red Sea during the last glaciation (60 to 14.5 ka BP): Reactions to climate change

Due to its restricted connection with the Indian Ocean, the desert-enclosed Red Sea is extremely sensitive to global sea level changes and thus ideally suited for paleoceanographic studies of what occurred during the last glaciation. The understanding of its glacial history is, however, still limited. A serious obstacle to obtain satisfactory paleoecological information has been the rarity of microfossil proxy species caused by high salinities. Here, we present a continuous and well-dated calcareous nannoplankton record from the northern Red Sea, covering the interval from 60–14.5 ka BP. Our investigation shows that the composition of the calcareous nannoplankton community varied between  32 ka BP and 14.5 ka BP in response to rapid environmental changes which are closely correlated to climatic fluctuations described from the North Atlantic region. Heinrich events H3, H2 and H1 are dominated by Emiliania huxleyi. Gephyrocapsa oceanica and especially Gephyrocapsa ericsonii are abundant between H3–H2 and H2–H1. A less pronounced response of the calcareous nannoplankton to the high latitudinal climatic oscillations is documented prior to  32 ka BP, suggesting that a strong atmospheric coupling between the northern Red Sea and the North Atlantic realm was established in the late Marine Isotope Stage 3. In contrast to the previously held view of a sea level related salinity increase as the major cause for changes of the plankton communities within the glacial Red Sea, we interpret the documented variations as being caused by local hydrographic changes under the atmospheric control from the extratropics. Temperature changes and especially variations of the water stratification appear to be critical selective factors for the calcareous nannoplankton composition.     

The impact of extreme weather events on the seagrass Zostera noltii and related Hydrobia ulvae population

Coastal areas are typically subjected to a range of stressors, but they now face the additional stressor of climate change, manifested in part by an increased intensity and frequency of extreme weather events. Thus, the Mondego estuary (Portugal) has experienced organic enrichment (eutrophication) issues and these are potentially exacerbated by extreme weather events (floods, droughts and heat waves). In this paper, we explore the impact of interactions of these different stressors on the ecology of the system, specifically on the two key components, the seagrass Zostera noltii and the mud snail Hydrobia ulvae. Extreme events affected different components of the estuarine ecosystem (primary producers and macrofauna) differently. Whilst the floods directly impacted on H. ulvae, by wiping out part of its population, they did not directly affect the biomass of Z. noltii. In contrast, drought events, through their effects on salinity, directly impacted the biomass of Zostera, which had knock-on effects on the dynamics of H. ulvae. We conclude that over the period when the estuary experienced eutrophication, extreme weather events contributed to the overall degradation of the estuary, while during the recovery phase following the introduction of a management programme, those extreme weather episodes delayed the recovery process significantly.     

Thunderstorms,Lightning, Sprites and Magnetospheric Whistler-Mode Radio Waves

Thunderstorms and the lightning that they produce are inherently interesting phenomena that have intrigued scientists and mankind in general for many years. The study of thunderstorms has rapidly advanced during the past century and many efforts have been made towards understanding lightning, thunderstorms and their consequences. Recent observations of optical phenomena above an active lightning discharge along with the availability of modern technology both for data collection and data analysis have renewed interest in the field of thunderstorms and their consequences in the biosphere. In this paper, we review the electrification processes of a thunderstorm, lightning processes and their association with global electric circuit and climate. The upward lightning discharge can cause sprites, elves, jets, etc. which are together called transient luminous events. Their morphological features and effects in the mesosphere are reviewed. The wide spectrum of electromagnetic waves generated during lightning discharges couple the lower atmosphere with the ionosphere/magnetosphere. Hence various features of these waves from ULF to VHF are reviewed with reference to recent results and their consequences are also briefly discussed.     

MULTI-PERIODIC COLLISIONAL PROCESS BETWEEN INDIAN AND ASIAN CONTINENTS:A CASE OF EASTERN HIMALAYAN SYNTAXIS AND HENGDUAN MOUNTAINS

MULTI-PERIODIC COLLISIONAL PROCESS BETWEEN INDIAN AND ASIAN CONTINENTS:A CASE OF EASTERN HIMALAYAN SYNTAXIS AND HENGDUAN MOUNTAINS1　ZhongDalai,DingLin .RisingprocessoftheQinghai Xizang (Tibet) plateauanditsmechanism[J].ScienceInChina (se riesD) ,1996 ,39(4) :36 9～ 379. 2　DingLin ,ZhongDalai,PanYusheng ,etal.Fission trackevidenceforNeogenetoQuaternaryupliftoftheeasternHi malayansyntaxis[J].ChineseScienceBulletin ,1995 ,40 (16 ) :…