滇西思茅盆地景谷地区曼岗组石英颗粒表面特征及其指示意义

石英具有硬度大和化学稳定性高的特点,其颗粒表面特征能很好的反映沉积环境,通过扫描电镜观察石英表面微细特征是判别沉积环境行之有效的方法。思茅盆地白垩系曾一度被认为是陆相水成沉积,笔者通过野外识别及室内基础研究发现,景谷地区下白垩统曼岗组具有风成沉积特征,需对该套地层开展石英颗粒表面特征的系统研究来进一步确定其沉积相,研究结果表明:研究区曼岗组石英颗粒表面具有明显的风成特征,磨圆度高,普遍发育典型的蝶形撞击坑、新月形撞击坑、毛玻璃化表面,存在沙漠漆,极易与水成特征相区别;而其较强的溶蚀作用与沉淀作用则显示了当时干旱炎热的气候条件。在风成沉积确定的基础上,笔者再结合典型沉积构造,粒度分析、岩性特征等沉积特征进行综合分析,认为研究区曼岗组应属沙漠沉积。     

Response and recovery of the Comanche carbonate platform surrounding multiple Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events,northern Gulf of Mexico

The ubiquity of carbonate platforms throughout the Cretaceous Period is recognized as a product of high eustatic sea-level and a distinct climatic optimum induced by rapid sea-floor spreading and elevated levels of atmospheric carbon-dioxide. Notably, a series of global oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) punctuate this time-interval and mark periods of significantly reduced free oxygen in the world's oceans. The best records of these events are often from one-dimensional shelf or basin sections where only abrupt shifts between oxygenated carbonates and anoxic shales are recorded. The Comanche Platform of central Texas provides a unique opportunity to study these events within a well-constrained stratigraphic framework in which their up-dip and down-dip sedimentologic effects can be observed and the recovery of the platform to equilibrium states can be timed and understood. Stable isotope data from whole cores in middle Hauterivian through lower Campanian mixed carbonate-siliciclastic strata are used to construct a 52-myr carbon isotope reference profile for the northern Gulf of Mexico. Correlation of this composite curve to numerous global reference profiles permits identification of several anoxic events and allows their impact on platform architecture and facies distribution to be documented. Oceanic anoxic events 1a, 1b, 1d, and 2 occurred immediately before, after, or during shale deposition in the Pine Island Member, Bexar Member, Del Rio Formation, and Eagle Ford Group, respectively. Oceanic anoxic event 3 corresponds to deposition of the Austin Chalk Group. Platform drowning on three occasions more closely coincided with globally recognized anoxic sub-events such as the Fallot, Albian-Cenomanian, and Mid-Cenomanian events. This illustrates that the specific anoxic event most affecting a given carbonate platform varied globally as a function of regional oceanographic circumstances.Using chemo- and sequence-stratigraphic observations, a four-stage model is proposed to describe the changing facies patterns, fauna, sedimentation accumulation rates, platform architectures, and relative sea-level trends of transgressive-regressive composite sequences that developed in response to global carbon-cycle perturbations. The four phases of platform evolution include the equilibrium, crisis, anoxic, and recovery stages. The equilibrium stage is characterized by progradational shelf geometries and coral-rudist phototrophic faunal assemblages. Similar phototrophic fauna typify the crisis stage; however, incipient biocalcification crises of this phase led to retrogradational shelf morphologies, transgressive facies patterns, and increased clay mineral proportions. Anoxic stages of the Comanche Platform were coincident with back-ground deposition of organic-rich shale on drowned shelves and heterotrophic fauna dominated by oysters or coccolithophorids. Eustatic peaks of this stage were of moderate amplitude (∼30 m), yet relative sea-level rises were greatly enhanced by reduced sedimentation rates. In the recovery stage, heterotrophic carbonate factories re-established at the shoreline as progradational ramp systems and sediment accumulation rates slowly increased as dysoxia diminished. Full recovery to equilibrium conditions may or may not have followed. Geochemical and stratigraphic trends present in the four stages are consistent with increased volcanism along mid-ocean ridges and in large-igneous provinces as primary drivers of Cretaceous OAEs and the resulting transgressive-regressive composite sequences.     

羌塘盆地双湖地区曲色组冷泉碳酸盐岩及其地质意义

羌塘盆地南部双湖地区曲色组地层发育大量碳酸盐岩结核,这些结核多呈丘状、椭球状、透镜状、似层状、脉状、树枝状产出。其物质组分主要为泥微晶碳酸盐矿物,少量粘土矿物、石英及草莓状、半自形黄铁矿等。草莓状黄铁矿平均粒径在5.0μm左右,内部可见葵花状构造。发育凝块状、气孔状和渗漏孔等特殊构造。产双壳类、菊石类、蠕虫状或树枝状生物及超微生物化石,生物密度极高。碳同位素明显负偏,硫同位素则明显正偏,其特征与现代海底天然气水合物的渗漏、释放所形成的冷泉碳酸盐岩机理一致,因而推测为古代海底天然气渗漏喷发形成。大量海底天然气泉口的存在,可能表明羌塘盆地双湖地区早侏罗世大洋缺氧事件与海底天然气水合物喷发存在极大关联。     

两次秸秆焚烧导致辽宁重污染过程的气象条件对比分析

利用环境监测站大气污染物数据、地面自动气象站观测资料、L波段加密探空资料和0.125°×0.125°的EC再分析资料,结合MODIS遥感火点监测和HYSPLIT4后向轨迹模拟结果,对比分析了2015年11月8日和2016年11月5日的两次由于东北地区秸秆焚烧导致辽宁重污染天气过程的大气边界层特征、气象扩散条件和大气污染物输送来源等。结果表明:两次过程地面PM_(2.5)浓度均出现快速上升和下降,其中2015年11月8日重污染过程的污染强度较2016年11月5日强,且持续时间更长。2015年11月8日重污染过程的混合层高度较低,其上层的中性层结转变为逆温层结,抑制混合层高度的发展。同时低层冷平流不断侵入到暖平流下方,使得大气层结稳定性增强,维持时间较2016年11月5日重污染过程更长,低层下沉运动和黑龙江西南部、吉林西部污染物的远距离输送增强使得辽宁地面污染物浓度快速累积。而2016年11月5日重污染天气过程主要受深厚冷空气影响,东北地区西部污染物的区域输送和地面风场辐合是地面污染物浓度快速上升的主要原因。     

山东夏季极端热事件变化特征分析

利用山东88个气象站1961—2019年夏季6—8月逐日最高、最低气温观测数据,分析了山东各地极端热昼、极端热夜、极端高温日三个极端热事件的时空演变规律和突变特征。结果表明：1）山东夜间出现极端热事件及白天和夜间同时出现极端热事件的天数增多、强度增强、占比增加。历年极端热昼出现天数和占比均呈不同程度的减少趋势,平均强度呈减小趋势,其中占比减少最明显;极端热夜、极端高温日出现天数和占比均呈不同程度的增加趋势,平均强度呈增强趋势。2）山东内陆和沿海地区各极端热事件变化差异明显。内陆地区极端热昼各指标减少、减小趋势更显著,大部分地区变化趋势通过了0.05的显著性水平检验,半岛南部和东部部分区域则有增加、增强趋势;中西部地区极端热夜各指标增加、增强趋势更显著,大部分地区变化趋势通过了0.05的显著性水平检验;中东部区域尤其是半岛地区极端高温日各指标增加、增强趋势更显著,大部分地区变化趋势通过了0.05的显著性水平检验。3）各极端热事件不同指标的突变情况迥异。极端热昼历年出现天数没有发生突变,平均强度在1970年前后发生突变,突变发生后,平均强度明显减小;极端热夜出现天数和平均强度均在1994年前后发生突变,突变发生后,出现天数明显增加、平均强度明显增强;极端高温日出现天数和强度分别在1994年、1973年前后发生突变,突变发生后,出现天数明显增加。     

Two Opposite Extreme Events in Seasonal Mean Winter Rainfall over East China during the Past Three Decades

In this study,the extremes of winter seasonal mean precipitation have been investigated by using daily precipitation data from 91 stations in East China,the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/the National Center for Atmospheric Research(NCEP/NCAR)monthly reanalysis,and sea surface temperature data from the Hadley Centre for 1979–2007.The largest anomalous rainfall amount was observed in regions south of the Yangtze River.In the most recent three decades,extreme events in the seasonal mean winter precipitation occurred in 1985 and 1997.Because it was influenced mainly by a La Ni a event,the precipitation in 1985 showed a deficit following a stronger winter monsoon.The rainfall amount in 1997 was influenced by El Ni o and was significantly larger than normal with a weaker winter monsoon.Both the circulation anomalies and wave energy dispersions during the winters of 1985 and 1997 differed significantly.In 1985,the North Atlantic Oscillation anomalously excited the Eurasian-Pacific teleconnection and circumglobal teleconnection phenomena.Consequently,Rossby wave energy propagated along the north and south branches of the westerlies,strengthening the East Asian trough along with a stronger winter monsoon,which facilitated the wintertime dry extreme in East China.In1997,however,Rossby wave energy propagated from low latitudes northeastward into the southern part of China,resulting in a weaker winter monsoon and the wettest winter.The results of this study will be helpful for future monitoring and prediction of extreme winter rainfall events in East China.     

1984—2014年北京地区不透水地表的时空变化及其温度效应研究

研究城市地表覆盖与地表温度（LST）的关系对改善城市生态环境具有重要科学意义。在Landsat TM数据支持下,利用线性光谱混合分析模型提取不透水地表信息,结合LST和地表热通量,分析不透水地表覆盖度（ISA）和LST的时空变化特征及其相互关系,探讨不透水地表对LST的影响机理。结果表明:1984—2014年北京不透水地表面积迅速增长,中覆盖度比例下降,高覆盖度比例增加;LST从市中心向郊区递减,高温区向外扩张;LST和ISA呈显著正相关,但不是简单的线性关系;ISA处于0.6~0.9时LST上升速率最快,减少ISA在此范围内的不透水地表集中分布可缓解高温区集中的现象。     

Kinematic features of a bow echo in southern China observed with doppler radar

A bow echo is a type of mesoscale convective phenomenon that often induces extreme weather and appears with strong reflectivity on radar images. A strong bow echo that developed from a supercell was observed over Foshan City in southern China on 17 April 2011. The intense gusty winds and showers caused huge losses of property and severely affected human lives. This paper presents an analysis of this strong meso- n-scale convective system based on Doppler radar observations. The isolated bow echo exhibited a horizontal scale of about 80 km in terms of reflectivity above 40 dBZ, and a life span of 8 hours. The system originated from the merging of a couple of weakly organized cells in a shear line, and developed into an arch shape as it moved through the shear zone. Sufficient surface moisture supply ensured the convective instability and development of the bow echo. The low-altitude winds retrieved from single Doppler radar observations showed an obvious rear-inflow jet along the notch area. Different from the conventional definition, no book- end anticyclone was observed throughout the life cycle. Very strong slantwise updrafts and downdrafts were recognizable from the retrieved winds, even though the spatial scale of the bow echo was small. Strong winds and induced damage on the surface are considered to have been caused by the mid-level rear-inflow jet and intense convective downdrafts.     

1963、1976年两次不同ELNino事件的差异以及我国旱涝和台风的对比分析

本文通过对1963、1976年两次ELNino事件的分析指出:两次ELNino事件在很多方面较为一致,其主要差别是ELNino开始的地理位置(主要是经度位置)和海温分布不同。同时,又分析了两类不同型式的ELNino年对我国干旱、雨涝和登陆台风的影响。     

南海的新构造运动及其演化史

本文对南海壳块第三纪以来所发生的断裂作用、地震活动、岩浆活动与褶皱作用进行了综合研究。在此基础上,总结了南海壳块新构造运动特征并进而对其演化规律进行了探讨。