Controls on runoff components on a forested slope and implications for N transport

Transfer of atmospheric N deposition on shallow‐soil forested basins on the Canadian Shield to receiving water bodies may be enhanced by rapid preferential flow along the soil–bedrock interface (BR runoff) on basin slopes. Controls on BR runoff, partitioning of event and pre‐event water contributions to this flow, and implications of this partitioning for N fluxes in BR runoff were studied under natural and artificial inputs to an instrumented slope. BR runoff as a fraction of water inputs to the slope increased with antecedent soil wetness and input depth. Event water contributions to BR runoff initially increased with antecedent soil wetness, but then declined at large antecedent soil wetness. Export of applied NH₄⁺ from the slope was maximized when event water contributions containing large NH₄⁺ concentrations dominated BR runoff; however, there was no relationship between the fraction of NO₃^? application transported in BR runoff and either application input or the event water fraction of that runoff. The applicability of our results to other shallow‐soil areas of the Canadian Shield is limited by artificial N inputs to the slope in excess of natural loads and by low rates of N mineralization and negligible nitrification in the slope's soils. Nevertheless, the study reinforces the need to consider how the hydrologic, geometric and pedologic properties of forest slopes interact with biotic and abiotic soil processes to control N transport and transformation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Greenland 8200 cal. yr BP event detected in loss‐on‐ignition profiles in Norwegian lacustrine sediment sequences

High‐resolution loss‐on‐ignition analyses of lacustrine sediment cores from both proglacial and non‐glacial lakes in southern Norway have revealed a specific pattern characterised by a significant, two‐peaked reduction of the loss‐on‐ignition values in the basal half of the cores. In non‐glacier‐fed lakes, the loss‐on‐ignition variations are interpreted to reflect mainly lake productivity and hence variability in surface summer air temperature. Sediments deposited in proglacial lakes, however, reflect mainly the glacier activity in the lake catchment. Bulk AMS radiocarbon dates from the core sequences and the loss‐on‐ignition curve pattern suggest that this event correlates with the ‘8200 cal. yr BP event’ recorded in the GRIP and GISP2 Greenland ice‐cores, termed the Finse event in southern Norway. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Event in the case of a single reservoir: the Ghèzala dam in Northern Tunisia

The paper focuses on the development of reservoir operating rules for dry and rainfall events, and their implementation in the case of the Ghézala dam located in northern Tunisia (characterized by Mediterranean climate). Rainfall events are defined in terms of depth and duration that are correlated to each other. A depth analysis per event is performed, conditioned on the event duration. The gamma distribution provides a good fit to depth per event, especially for events lasting at least 6 days. The event duration fits a geometric distribution, whereas the dry events during the rainy season fit a negative binomial distribution. The climatic cycle length is fitted to a gamma distribution. On this basis, many 50-year synthetic event series were generated. Every synthetic streamflow sequence obtained from synthetic rainfall sequences as well as the one derived from the historic rainfall events time series were optimized and optimal decisions were formulated. These decisions were assessed by means of multiple regression analysis to estimate the relation between the optimal decision to every stage (dry or rainfall event) and other system variables. Optimal rules, which have a linear form, were derived by predetermined useful storage interval and depend on storage, inflows and downstream demand at dry or rainfall event t. The range of t is 1–13 days (rainfall event) and 1–57 days (dry event). The rules were satisfactory for every predetermined useful storage interval. The simulated dam performance generated by the operation rules was compared with the deterministic optimum operation and the historical operation. Also included is the comparison of the implicit stochastic optimization-based operation policy per event during the water years 1985–2002.

2016年1月寒潮天气过程极端性分析及集合预报检验

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)再分析资料和集合预报极端天气预报指数（extreme forecast index,EFI）,对2016年1月21—25日强寒潮天气环流异常性和EFI对极端低温事件的预报进行了分析和检验。中亚地区一直维持标准化异常度在3个标准差以上的高压脊,冷涡系统不断发展增强,随着横槽转竖,冷空气爆发南下使得我国中东部出现极端低温。最低温度EFI可以提前7 d预报出低温信号,随着EFI预报时效的延长所对应的最大TS评分随之降低,对不同时效预报需选取合适的EFI阈值。对5%百分位的低温事件短期时效（1~3 d）最低温度EFI临界阈值为-0.6,中期时效（4~7 d）临界阈值为-0.5;对1%百分位的低温事件临界阈值则为-0.7。5%百分位的低温事件各时效最低温度EFI在江南、黄淮、江淮、江汉等地表现最好,华北、华南、西南、西北地区表现次之,在东北地区表现相对较差。     

East Asian Winter Monsoon record from the environmental sensitive grain size component of QF Old Red Sand, Haitan Island, China

The "Old Red Sand" is widely distributed along the coast of Fujian Province, China. Most studies have been carried out from aspects of the origin, age and laterization of the "Old Red Sand", but this paper focused on reconstructing the history of the Asian Winter Monsoon change. On the basis of granulometric analysis of high-resolution samples, we have obtained environmental sensitive grain size component (ESGSC) from the Qingfeng (QF) profile by using the grain size-standard deviation method, which proves that the selected ESGSC is an important climate proxy. The mean grain size of this ESGSC could be used to reconstruct the East Asian Winter Monsoon (EAWM) intensity. As such, the history of the EAWM change since 44.0 ka reconstructed here reveals three main phases based on chronology dates of previous researches: (1) 44.0-25.5 ka B.P., the EAWM is relatively weak but increases gradually with fluctuations; (2) 25.5-15.5 ka B.P., relatively strong with high frequency fluctuations; (3) 15.5-7.1 ka B.P., with a weaker winter monsoon, but during 11-10 ka B.P. is remarkably enhanced. The EAWM recorded by mean grain size of the two neighboring sections have a better repeatability, so the millennial scales oscillation should be a reliable signal of the EAWM intensity. The climate recorded by ESGSC of the QF "Old Red Sand" compared to δ 18 O of Hulu Cave stalagmites and Greenland GISP2 ice cores shows a good consistency, especially in detail, the YD event and four Heinrich events are all recorded, but the signal of D-O cycles was relatively weak.     

东北地区中生代岩石圈减薄时间上限的厘定：来自松辽盆地营城组火山岩年代学约束

松辽盆地是我国东北地区一个大型的晚中生代含油气沉积盆地。在盆地发育早期阶段受强烈伸展作用影响形成了大规模的断陷和大量的火山活动。本文以松辽盆地北部徐家围子断陷区火山岩的年代学研究为切入点,通过对徐家围子断陷升深更2井和徐深9 2井营城组（K1y）火山岩的岩芯样品进行SHRIMP U Pb定年,获得了营城组火山岩年龄为114～112Ma,并认为该年龄结果代表了松辽盆地区域晚中生代岩浆作用的上限时间。通过对松辽盆地及邻区的火山年代学的对比发现：中国东北地区晚中生代曾发生过多期的岩浆事件,时间分别为： 166～150 Ma; 140～130 Ma; 130～120 Ma; 114～109 Ma。松辽盆地内早白垩世营城组火山岩年龄与我国东北地区中生代最后一期岩浆作用时间一致,指示了东北地区中生代最后一期岩浆事件年龄。松辽盆地营城组火山岩年龄的厘定将为本区中生代岩石圈减薄的上限时间提供进一步可靠的年代学约束。     

关于南天山碰撞造山时代的讨论

南天山是天山山脉的一支,是中亚型造山带的典型代表,它经历了复杂的增生—碰撞过程。关于古南天山洋最终闭合—碰撞造山（碰撞事件）发生的时间一直存在不同的认识,争论由来已久。综合分析南天山造山带的构造、地层、古生物、岩石、地球化学和同位素年代学等方面的资料,特别是对放射虫、蛇绿岩、蓝片岩、火山弧及前陆盆地沉积等地质事实的研究,我们认为,南天山碰撞造山作用起始于二叠纪末—三叠纪初。     

双偏振雷达对一次水凝物相态演变过程的分析

基于常规气象观测资料、NCEP再分析资料以及长沙双偏振雷达、风廓线雷达资料,对湖南2021年12月下旬一次雨雪天气过程降水相态转变的大气环境条件和雷达双偏振特征进行分析,得到以下结论：(1) 降雪前干层消失,湿层增厚,整层湿球温度低于0 ℃,逆温层下冷垫的饱和层结对雪花丛集增长有利,有利于降雪增强。(2) 湘中及以北地区位于700 hPa西南急流出口区,600—800 hPa强烈水汽辐合和中低层强上升气流为暴雪过程提供充足水汽。(3) 25日夜间长沙出现间歇性小雨(雪)和多次短波槽过境密切相关;26日上午西南风转为偏西风导致长沙降雪出现短时减弱;冷垫上西南暖湿气流增强时段、冷垫内东南风转为东北风时段,分别对应26日长沙降雪两个峰值。(4) 不同相态降水时段相关系数(CC)、差分反射率(Z_dr)、水平反射率因子(Z_h)有一定差异,双偏振产品对本次雨雪天气过程中降水相态转变的识别有一定指示作用。(5) 低层“零速度线”成直线且有风速辐合特征,西南急流核增强、向下扩展等特征预示暖湿气流在冷垫之上的动力爬升增强,降雪得以长时间维持、且强度增强;而随着径向速度风场辐散特征出现,降雪逐渐减弱。