角锥棱镜直角误差斜入射法检测的理论分析

以矢量形式的折射、反射定律为基础,详细推导了角锥棱镜直角误差δ与分划板自准直双像间距t之间的关系,提出了基于斜入射法、利用自准直平行光管直接测量角锥棱镜直角误差的光电检测系统,并进行了测量精度的理论分析。     

Possible Sources of Forecast Errors Generated by the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System for Landfalling Tropical Cyclones. Part Ⅱ: Model Uncertainty

This paper investigates the possible sources of errors associated with tropical cyclone (TC) tracks forecasted using the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System (GRAPES). In Part I, it is shown that the model error of GRAPES may be the main cause of poor forecasts of landfalling TCs. Thus, a further examination of the model error is the focus of Part II. Considering model error as a type of forcing, the model error can be represented by the combination of good forecasts and bad forecasts. Results show that there are systematic model errors. The model error of the geopotential height component has periodic features, with a period of 24 h and a global pattern of wavenumber 2 from west to east located between 60°S and 60°N. This periodic model error presents similar features as the atmospheric semidiurnal tide, which reflect signals from tropical diabatic heating, indicating that the parameter errors related to the tropical diabatic heating may be the source of the periodic model error. The above model errors are subtracted from the forecast equation and a series of new forecasts are made. The average forecasting capability using the rectified model is improved compared to simply improving the initial conditions of the original GRAPES model. This confirms the strong impact of the periodic model error on landfalling TC track forecasts. Besides, if the model error used to rectify the model is obtained from an examination of additional TCs, the forecasting capabilities of the corresponding rectified model will be improved.     

2005—2010年台风突变路径的预报误差及其环流背景

本文主要分析了2005-2010年西北太平洋上台风突变路径的预报误差及其相联系的环流形势.通过分析北折和西折两种突变路径发现,中央气象台对西折突变路径的24和48 h预报接近平均预报水平;北折突变路径突变时刻,24 h预报的距离误差达到145.6 km,比平均预报误差增加了29.3％,48 h预报的距离误差达317.3 km,比平均预报误差增加了68.3％.从突变路径的物理机制方面分析突变路径预报的难点.将台风附近气流分解成低频和高频两部分,合成分析发现两类突变路径的风场区别不仅表现在低频尺度上副热带高压的西伸程度,还表现在天气尺度上台风附近的风场分布.     

广州市CORS系统的精度分析和应用

采用虚拟参考站技术,结合应用广州市似大地水准面精化成果;对系统进行了精度分析,并以实例说明该系统实现了实时三维城市定位的功能。     

A time-dependent numerical model of the mild-slope equation

On the basis of the previous studies, the simplest hyperbolic mild-slope equation has been gained and the linear time-dependent numerical model for the water wave propagation has been established combined with different boundary conditions. Through computing the effective surface displacement and transforming into the real transient wave motion, related wave factors will be calculated. Compared with Lin’s model, analysis shows that calculation stability of the present model is enhanced efficiently, because the truncation errors of this model are only contributed by the dissipation terms, but those of Lin’s model are induced by the convection terms, dissipation terms and source terms. The tests show that the present model succeeds the merit in Lin’s model and the computational program is simpler, the computational time is shorter, and the computational stability is enhanced efficiently. The present model has the capability of simulating transient wave motion by correctly predicting at the speed of wave propagation, which is important for the real-time forecast of the arrival time of surface waves generated in the deep sea. The model is validated against analytical solution for wave diffraction and experimental data for combined wave refraction and diffraction over a submerged elliptic shoal on a slope. Good agreements are obtained. The model can be applied to the theory research an d engineering applications about the wave propagation in a biggish area.     

RTK的特点与误差分析

介绍了RTK测量的特点，分析了RTK测量的技术难点。详细讨论了RTK测量的各种误差及削弱方法。展望了GPS和RTK测量未来的发展趋势。     

利用GEOSAT／ERM卫星测高数据计算中国近海海平面

本文利用一年（１９８６年１１月８日～１９８７年１１月１７日）２２个ＥＲＭ周期的ＧＥＯＳＡＴ卫星测高数据计算出中国近海海域（１０５°～１３５°Ｅ，０°～４０°Ｎ）相对于ＧＲＳ８０参考椭球面的１°×１°年平均海平面。该海平面我们称之为ＩＧＧＭＳＳ９５平均海平面。在数据处理过程中，由于采用了混合轨道误差模型及交叠平差技术，极大地消除了在误差中占主要成分的径向轨道误差影响，使得ＩＧＧＭＳＳ９５平均海平面的总体精度达到±２０～３０ｃｍ（ＲＭＳ）水平。与ＯＳＵ９１Ａ重力大地水准面模型相比较可以发现两者具有惊人的一致性。     

变分同化框架通过背景误差协方差构建动力平衡约束的研究进展

通过背景误差协方差构建动力平衡约束是变分同化框架设计的重要环节。它不仅帮助实现变量间的协同分析,提高观测使用效率,还能改善变分极小化问题的性状。本文在系统梳理通过背景误差协方差引入动力平衡约束的方式、流程的基础上,对求解目前全球和有限区域变分同化系统普遍采用的准地转平衡和静力平衡约束的共性问题和存在的不足作了归纳总结。分析了求解准地转平衡约束的三类方案:动力平衡方程方案、统计方案和动力-统计相结合方案的优缺点。对照比较了不同垂直离散方案下求解静力平衡约束时遇到的欠定问题的表现以及解决途径。最后,展望了基于背景误差协方差构建动力平衡约束在赤道等特殊地区、高分辨率同化系统、以及集合-变分混合同化系统发展中面临的挑战和机遇。     

SBAS星历改正数及UDRE参数生成算法分析

星基增强系统(satellite based augmentation system,SBAS)通过地球同步轨道卫星实时播发导航卫星星历改正数和完好性参数,以提升用户定位精度和完好性.采用最小方差法解算GPS星历改正数,利用卡方统计进行改正数完好性检核,并依据星历改正数方差-协方差信息计算SBAS用户差分距离误差(us...     

野外地质测量中手持GPS定位的误差分析

GPS在工程测量、导航定位等应用中所具有的优越性和方便性使其应用越来越广泛。在野外地质测量中小巧方便的手持GPS机能够起到辅助定点和导航的重要作用,是新时期实现现代化数字地质调查的基础设备之一。但由于野外地形、树木等多路径环境因素的影响,其测量精度和应用受到限制。针对手持机的特点,通过实际测点分类统计分析各方面因素对误差产生的影响程度,进而得出修正方案,提高测量精度和实用性。