Development and application of data collection forms for post-earthquake surveys of structural damage and human casualties

To reduce loss of life and injury resulting from earthquakes, the relationship between earthquake-induced building failure and injury severity and distribution needs to be clarified. For this purpose, a series of data collection forms were developed to collect pertinent data for post-event analysis and to provide a basis for structural triage in the field shortly following an earthquake for search and rescue purposes. A companion paper described the identification of variables affecting the outcome of an occupant of a damaged building and the classification of these variables into three levels of priority for data collection. This paper continues the development by describing the design of the data collection forms and the application of the forms to damaged buildings from past earthquakes. These forms represent a significant departure from existing forms in that they consider both casualties and building damage jointly, and in a consistent format.     

突发地质灾害应急监测探讨

应急监测处于应急响应的前期处置阶段.分析应急监测内容、方案和方法的适宜性,探讨应急监测的特点、技术和管理层面.提出以地表监测为主、智能采集、无线网络传输和灾常兼备的应急监测措施.     

一种地震应急响应级别判定方法

破坏性地震发生后,相关部门根据地震应急预案启动地震应急响应,由于难以在第一时间得到准确和全面的灾情信息,因此支撑地震应急响应级别的判定因素有限。本文通过专家调查法,梳理出影响地震应急响应级别判定的关键因子,并对其赋予一定的权值,得到地震应急响应级别的阀值。当地震发生后,采用专家打分的形式计算出1个地震应急响应级别的判定值,通过判定值和阀值区间的关系,判定地震应急响应级别。最后,抽取了2011年以来云南境内发生的10次破坏性地震作为检验样本,结果证明该方法对应率较高,具有一定的适用性。     

同化技术在渤海溢油应急预报系统中的应用

溢油应急预报对溢油事故现场处理具有重要指导意义。国内外已开展大量溢油数值预报技术研究,但由于各类误差的引入(尤其风和流数值预报误差的引入)以及模型本身的不完善等各种原因导致溢油数值预报无法满足日益提高的溢油预报精度需求。随着现场观测技术和监测水平的提高,如何充分利用实时观测数据提高业务化溢油应急预报精度,并满足应急预报迅速快捷的要求,成为目前业务化溢油应急预报的首要问题。国家海洋环境预报中心于2008年实现了渤海溢油业务化预报系统的建立和业务化应用,本文针对当前渤海溢油业务化应急预报中存在的现实问题,利用已有渤海海上5个石油平台从2010年1月至2011年2月的风场观测数据,初步开展最优插值方法(optimal interpolation assimilation method,OI)同化技术在国家海洋环境预报中心渤海溢油应急预报系统风场订正的应用研究。本文采用交错订正方法,确定了OI同化技术中相关尺度因子的选取,从而实现在这5个观测站地理分布情况下,OI同化技术应用中参数的最优化,之后在理想实验和实际案例的应用中,该同化方法明显提高渤海溢油预报精度。本文为如何进一步利用同化方法迅速快捷地实现溢油应急预报精度的提高提供了一定研究基础。     

地震应急联动信息服务技术平台设计探讨

地震应急联动与紧急救援服务能力是国家地震社会服务能力建设的核心内容,我国的地震应急联动与紧急救援服务能力在研究和建设方面尚处于初级阶段,在未来一段时间将开展地震应急联动信息服务技术平台的建设.因此,地震应急联动信息服务技术平台的构成、设计和实现方式还有许多方面有待进一步研究和探讨.本文根据国家地震社会服务工程的初步设计,对应急联动信息服务技术平台几个方面的内容进行了初步探讨,并在此基础上讨论了其未来的进一步发展.     

云南盈江5.8级地震应急行动及灾害特征

2011年3月10日云南盈江发生5.8级地震,地震造成重大人员伤亡和财产损失.震后,各级政府和地震部门立即启动应急预案,周密安排和部署各项应急处置和救灾行动.本文简要介绍了盈江5.8级地震的应急行动和灾害情况及特征.     

区域市级地震联防工作实践与思考

对晋陕豫地震联防区34年的工作实践进行了回顾总结,针对地震联防联动工作中存在的问题和不足,提出要进一步完善工作章程,建立监测网络,健全应急联动机制,促进区域合作与信息共享等对策建议,切实提高区域地震联防和应急联动能力。     

新冠肺炎疫情下健康码政策的空间扩散机制分析

新冠肺炎疫情作为突发公共卫生事件,在全球范围造成了灾难性后果。自2020年2月,中国各地政府出于防控疫情蔓延和促进复工复产的目的,相继出台健康码政策,迄今已成为中国有效防控疫情的重要手段和经验。本文通过对全国295个地级及以上市的健康码政策扩散时间及其影响因素进行事件史分析,探究该项首创于地方政府的应急政策迅速扩散至全国范围的时空过程及其机制。研究发现：① 数字化水平和经济实力优越的城市采取健康码政策的反应速度更快。② 邻近城市政府间的“学习”和“竞争”行为会提高健康码政策扩散速度,而省级政府的垂直指导压力所发挥的作用不显著。③ 政策企业家是加快健康码政策扩散的有力推手。④ 各市疫情状况以及与疫情热点地区的地理距离会对健康码政策扩散产生影响。本文通过分析新冠肺炎疫情背景下健康码政策的扩散动因,为理解公共危机情境下应急政策的制定和扩散机制提供经验总结和政策启示。     

Effective Emergency Transportation for Saving Human Lives

To save lives immediately after a catastrophic earthquake occurs, it is essential for an urban transportation system to retain its functional performance in order to carry injured people to hospitals. Recent seismic assessment studies have mostly been based on cost-benefit analyses, carried out in monetary terms that are reasonable for long-term considerations. However, many problems of seismic risk management still remain. For example, attributing a monetary value to a human life is considered impossible. Also, requirements for functioning of a transportation system are different in the period immediately after an earthquake. This paper concentrates on how to assess the importance of an urban transportation system as it relates to saving human life, and what system enhancements should be made to improve performance. This paper proposes a risk assessment method for the functional reliability of a transportation system immediately after an earthquake. In that period, system malfunction adversely affects the saving of lives as a result of time delays when moving injured people to medical facilities. A system dynamics simulation of transporting injured people is incorporated in the method, which uses two assessment approaches to evaluate the differences of cumulative injured people who receive medical care. In deciding on the destination of medical facility in the simulation, two ways of deciding are addressed; one uses information only on the road network, and the other uses information on both road network and hospital availability. Results of an application to an actual target area show the most vulnerable road links and differences of the two decision-making processes. A way to mitigate the loss due to damage to road links is examined. The paper also summarizes future developments in advanced information technology for emergency transportation systems.     

四川地震应急指挥技术系统简介

随着地震应急学科理论的变化、业务运行模式的更新、信息化技术的变革,为进一步落实防灾减灾救灾理论新的要求,本文从实际需求出发,提出“综合响应、协同联动、集中发布、平震结合的一体化设计”原则,以服务抗震救灾指挥部、服务地震应急工作为核心目标,充分分析视频协同、信息联动、应用模式化等关键点在地震应急指挥大厅技术支撑中的作用,构建一个震后快速响应、上下连贯、信息共享的综合调度平台。