The challenges of the landing obligation in EU fisheries

A feasibility study was conducted on the impacts of the new Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) rules requiring catches in regulated fisheries to be landed and counted against quotas of each Member State - the landing obligation (LO), and that catch of species subject to the LO below a minimum conservation reference size (MCRS) be restricted to purposes other than direct human consumption. The aim was to estimate the level of discarded fish likely to be covered by the new rules, the impact of the rules on EU fisheries and the regulatory challenges and responses to them. Data from EU's Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee on Fisheries (STECF) database were analysed to estimate the volume of unwanted catches produced by EU fisheries. Views were sought from policy officials and fisheries scientists through a questionnaire on the implications of the LO and the control of fisheries across Member States, and the potential adjustments that might be needed. Findings show that 11% (44,000 t) of the total catches of EU countries from which data were available are of fish under MCRS. The species with the highest volume of undersized discards associated with the lowest quota, which would potentially restrict the fishing opportunities for other quota species (i.e. choke species), are plaice and haddock with 18,000 and 14,000 t of undersized fish respectively, followed by whiting and cod with 5000 and 6000 t of undersized fish respectively. Discards data shows that the Netherlands, United Kingdom, France and Belgium will be most affected by landings for non-human markets. Findings also show that existing infrastructure at landing ports in all Member States is limited because there are currently limited facilities in place to handle animal by-products produced by the catching sector. Policy officials maintained that while they could support the fishing industry through funding programmes, it is the responsibility of fishers to ensure they have the right infrastructure to handle unwanted catches. The expectation is that the LO combined with the restriction to non-human consumption purposes will encourage fishers to internalise the costs of catching unwanted fish and motivate them to avoid unwanted catch. This will be realised if sufficient flexibility is given to fishers to find their own solutions to reducing unwanted catches. It is concluded that gear technology measures exist to enable the regulated fisheries to increase gear selectivity.     

Morphological and toxicity characteristics of Pseudo-nitzschia pungens strain PP0201-01 isolated from the East China Sea

The morphology and toxicity ofPseudo-nitzschia strain PP0201-01, isolated near the estuary of Changjiang (Yangtze) River in Year 2002 and tentatively identified asPseudo-nitzschia pungens, were studied. The strain was identified morphologically asP. pungens using scanning electronic microscope (SEM). The analytical results of LC-PDA (liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector), LC-MS (liquid chromatography with mass detector), and the toxicity data from mouse bioassay, showed that no domoic acid was produced by the strain. However, the mechanism of domoic acid production byPseudo-nitzschia species is complicated. More works are needed to assess the toxic species and to evaluate the potential risk of amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) in China. Supported by the projects of Ministry of Science and Technology (No. 2001CB409704 and No. 2001BA804A20), and the innovation project of the Institute of Oceanology, CAS (No. 200223107).     

基于无棱镜全站仪城市信息数据的获取

依据无棱镜全站仪的结构、功能和原理,结合现代信息数据获取需求,对其应用方法和技术进行了应用研究,提出了无棱镜全站仪的作业方法和应用领域。     

多媒体电子地图集数据开放管理的设计与实践

作为一种新颖的地图集,多媒体电子地图集具有超乎以往的多媒体可视效果。为此本文将多媒体电子地图集的媒体数据管理权由编制者转向用户,以地理信息为主体,多媒体为支撑,提出一种便捷灵活的数据管理思路。同时,根据目前用户需求及计算机信息化特点,设计并实现了图集数据开放式管理系统,提高了图集的安全性、开放性、灵活性和易用性,以推进多媒体电子地图集的发展和应用。     

警用电子地图基础平台的设计与研究

警用电子地图基础平台是利用空间地理信息技术,以电子地图为基础,以公安宽带网络为依托,实现公安基础信息基于空间电子地图的可视化查询和分析,为公安业务提供行之有效的管理手段。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东胜砂岩型铀矿中铀矿物的电子显微镜研究

鄂尔多斯盆地东胜铀矿是我国一个重要的大型砂岩型铀矿床。通过电子显微技术,对该铀矿床中铀矿物的种类、产出特征进行详细的研究。研究确定东胜砂岩型铀矿床中铀矿物主要为铀石和水硅铀矿,两者紧密共生,它们均为表生铀矿物。铀矿物的颗粒十分细小,一般粒度均为微米级。铀石和水硅铀矿往往呈板状、不规则微粒状产出,铀矿物的表面溶蚀现象明显,有的还具纳米级的溶蚀孔。铀矿物的产出与蚀变黑云母、蚀变黄铁矿密切相关,也见到微脉状铀矿物集合体穿切碎屑石英等现象。研究表明在表生作用下,该铀矿床中的铀元素存在溶解(迁移)-沉淀(富集)的反复过程。     

基于三轴加速度的波浪测量技术研究

以浮标为载体,以TMS320C6416型DSP处理器、三轴加速度传感器、电子罗盘为硬件电路核心,利用加速度频域二次积分的波高计算方法以及三轴加速度倾角补偿电子罗盘的波向测量方式,进行海洋波浪要素测量技术研究,获取了某一海域不同时段的波浪特征值。     

高精度导航电子地图的国家安全防控要点探究

近年来,汽车工业已进入智能时代,自动驾驶汽车必将引领时代风潮,与之而来的则是高精度导航电子地图产业的大发展。然而,高精度导航电子地图的出现,使导航电子地图由人读向机读转变。与之伴随的数据采集、更新、使用等方面的变化及可能产生的各种问题不容忽视,尤其是部分环节如果处理不当还将威胁国家安全。本文从高精度导航电子地图对国家安全可能造成危害的风险点切入,分析了高精度导航电子地图在数据采集、更新、使用等环节的国家安全风险,制定防控要点,为促进高精度导航电子地图行业的健康发展发挥相应作用。     

基于性别差异的城市旅游电子地图的设计

城市旅游电子地图是人们出行旅游必备的信息指南。为了设计满足不同性别的旅游用户的需求的城市旅游电子地图,本文分析了基于性别差异用户的认知特点,以及性别差异对旅游电子地图编绘的影响。重点提出了基于性别差异的城市旅游电子地图的内容设计、符号设计和语音功能设计。最后,本文探讨了城市旅游电子地图的编制原则,主要包括内容设计原则、界面设计原则和符号设计原则。基于用户性别进行地图设计的研究思想可以更好地为广大用户提供更加全面翔实的旅游信息和服务。     

基于P2P的空间数据操作分布技术研究

分布在不同节点的空间数据库通过P2P协作共同完成复杂的空间应用任务。提出一种基于P2P的空间数据操作分布的引擎设计:引擎根据空间应用任务的解析,在P2P网络中动态地选择最佳的执行引擎,通过P2P的消息和通信机制进行协作,共同完成复杂的空间计算和空间查询任务。P2P的执行机制避免了集中式执行引擎带来的网络拥塞和单点失效问题,提高了空间数据资源和计算资源协作的可靠性和可用性。