Recognition and Measurement of Marine Topography for Sounding Generalization in Digital Nautical Chart

Generalization is a comprehensive process. It is not simply a question of an algorithm, such as simplification, selection, displacement, and so on. Only after geometric shapes and topological properties have been understood fully, can a sound and automated generalization process be possible. This article proposes a new theoretical model for sounding generalization in digital nautical charts. First, with the aid of Delaunay triangulation, a tree structure is introduced for a hierarchical representation of the marine topography. Then, an analytical algorithm for the recognition and the measurement of the marine topography is developed through the use of the tree structure. Finally, all of the techniques mentioned above are integrated into a model for sounding generalization, of which results are illustrated with the aid of several examples.     

石英示踪物源研究进展

综述了石英的性质和它作为有效指示剂来示踪物源的理论基础,进而详细介绍了使用扫描电镜、质谱、电子自旋共振和阴极发光等仪器对石英矿物的表面微结构、氧同位素比值、形成年龄和阴极发光颜色等特征进行研究来追踪物源的方法以及这些方法的可行性。还根据近年来研究者应用石英矿物来示踪物源的研究进展提出了今后利用石英研究物源需要注意的4个问题。     

基桩倾斜测试信号的频率域特征

阐述了应力波的频率域特征及谐和振动特征,通过多个模型桩及工程桩检测实例说明,基桩倾斜方向及倾斜度大小可通过频率域作出较准确的判定.     

Electron density distribution of FeTiO<Subscript>3</Subscript> ilmenite under high pressure analyzed by MEM using single crystal diffraction intensities

Many of ilmenites ABO₃ compounds bearing transition elements have semiconductive, ferroelectric and antiferromagnetic properties. The high-pressure diffraction studies of FeTiO₃ have been conducted up to 8.2 GPa using synchrotron radiation in KEK at Tsukuba with diamond anvil cell. The compression mechanism of FeTiO₃ ilmenite has been investigated by the structure refinements converged to the reliable factors R = 0.05. The deformations of the FeO₆ and TiO₆ octahedra were reduced with increasing pressure. In order to elucidate the electric conductivity change with pressure, electron density distribution of ilmenite have been executed by maximum entropy method (MEM) using single-crystal diffraction intensity data. MEM based on F _obs(hkl) of FeTiO₃ clearly shows electron density in comparison with the difference Fourier synthesis based on F _obs(hkl) − F _calc(hkl). The radial distribution of the electron density indicates electron localization around the cation positions. The bonding electron density found in bond Fe–O and Ti–O is lowered with pressure. The isotropic temperature factors B _iso become smaller with increasing pressure. Nevertheless the thermal vibration is considerably restrained by the compression, the electric conductivity is enhanced with pressure. Neither charge transfer nor electron hopping between Fe and Ti along the c axis in FeTiO₃ is plausible under high pressure. But the electric conductivity due to electron super-exchange in Fe–Fe and Ti–Ti has been clarified by the MEM electron density distribution. The anisotropy in the electric conductivity has been clarified.     

Monitoring the three-dimensional ionospheric electron density distribution using GPS observations over China

In this paper, an IRI model assisted GPS-based Computerized Ionospheric Tomography (CIT) technique is developed to inverse the ionospheric electron density (IED) distribution over China. Essentially, an improved algebraic reconstruction technique (IART) is first proposed to reconstruct the ionospheric images with high resolution and high efficiency. A numerical experiment is used to validate the reliability of the method and its advantages to the classical algebraic reconstruction technique (ART). This is then used to reconstruct the IED images using the GPS data in China. The variations of the IED during magnetically quiet and disturbed days are reported and analyzed here. Reconstructed results during magnetically quiet days show some prominent ionospheric features such as the development of equatorial anomaly and the tilt of ionization crest. Meanwhile, ionospheric storm phase effects and disturbed features can also be revealed from the reconstructed IED image under storm conditions. Research shows that the positive storm phase effects usually happen in southern China, and the negative storm phase effects mainly occur in northern China. The equatorial anomaly crest moved to the north in the main phase of the storm. Ionosonde data recorded at Wuhan station provides the verification for the reliability of GPS-based CIT technique.     

Kyanite deformation in whiteschist of the ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic Kokchetav Massif, Kazakhstan

Microstructures in minerals from ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic (UHPM) terranes are keys to understanding the rheological properties and the exhumation mechanisms of rocks from subduction zones. Kyanite‐bearing whiteschist, associated with eclogite lenses, is part of UHPM unit II located south‐west of Lake Zheltau in the Kulet region of the Kokchetav Massif. The equilibrium assemblage is kyanite + garnet + talc + phengite + coesite/quartz. Previously reported peak pressure–temperature (P–T) conditions are ～3.5 GPa at 750 °C. A strong foliation is defined by the talc and phengite, with a corresponding weak shape preferred alignment of kyanite. Crystallographic orientation maps and analysis of kyanite blades were performed using electron backscatter diffraction methods. The data are consistent with a (100)[001] slip system for the formation of undulose extinction and kink bands in kyanite. Rotations measured across individual kink bands are 10–50° about <010>, and rotations along kyanite with undulose extinction are up to 50° about <010> with variations between adjacent points typically <2°. The undulose extinction is interpreted to have developed through crystal plastic deformation by dislocation creep. Kink bands mark the development of high‐angle grain boundaries by dislocation climb. The deformation of kyanite occurred in the fault‐bounded terrane during the exhumation of the Kokchetav Massif.     

When epitaxy controls garnet growth

Within a mica schist from the coesite-bearing Brossasco-Isasca Unit (Western Alps), microstructural analysis shows that Alpine garnet grains are aligned with the crenulated foliation. Garnet crystallographic orientation was analysed with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD): the obtained crystallographic dispersion patterns and distribution patterns of misorientation axes suggest a strong parallelism of {110} garnet planes with a 56°W-dipping foliation. The data are interpreted as evidence for an epitaxial growth of garnet upon (001) biotite planes, sometime during and/or after dispersion of the biotite/garnet crystals from their initially foliation-parallel orientation by rotation about the Alpine crenulation axis. This interpretation is based on the comparison of the measured EBSD data with: (i) theoretical dispersion trajectories of garnet crystallographic data, (ii) numerically modelled pole figures, and (iii) numerically modelled misorientation axis distribution patterns. Our data suggest that epitaxial growth of garnet upon biotite is allowed by distortion of the pseudohexagonal basal oxygen ring structure on (001) biotite surfaces, and that distortion is driven by introduction of missing ions. Our data further suggest that the spatial distribution of precursor phases influences the distribution patterns of garnet within mica schists.     

Medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances observed by GPS receiver network in Japan: a short review

Medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTID) are wave-like perturbations of the ionospheric plasma with wavelengths of several hundred kilometres and velocities of several hundred metres per second. MSTID is one of the most common ionospheric phenomena that generally induce the perturbations of ionospheric total electron content (TEC) by ∼10¹⁶ electron/m², which corresponds to ∼54 ns (16.2 cm) delay at GPS L1 signal. In the past decade, several new characteristics on MSTIDs have been revealed by the TEC observations using the dense GPS receiver network in Japan. In this paper, we provide a short review of these new observations and summarize the morphological characteristics of MSTIDs in Japan.     

Identification and significance of a visible,basalt‐rich Vedde Ash layer in a Late‐glacial sequence on the Isle of Skye,Inner Hebrides,Scotland

This paper reports the discovery of a visible, tephra horizon of Late‐glacial age from the site of Loch Ashik in the Isle of Skye, the Inner Hebrides, Scotland. Although the tephra shards have a bimodal geochemical composition identical to that of the Vedde Ash (a well known marker horizon within Late‐glacial sequences. The horizon at Ashik is dominated by basaltic shards and devitrified tephra shards, giving the layer its characteristic black colour. Only rhyolitic shards have previously been reported from Vedde Ash horizons in the British Isles. This new evidence raises some important questions about the factors that govern the distribution and accumulation of basaltic tephra, and about the methods used to detect ash shards in basins distal to centres of volcanic activity. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Utilization of Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) slag in the production of a hydraulic cement binder

Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) slag is a major waste product generated during the steelmaking process. In India and in most industrial countries, the use of BOF slag as a road ballast and land filler has had a very long history. This being a low end use, a study was conducted to examine the possibility of converting the slag into a hydraulic binder. This paper describes the effect of cooling rate on mineralogy and cementing characteristics of normal BOF slag as well as iron oxide-devoid BOF slag. Specifically, the mineralogy and compressive strengths of heat-treated slags were compared with a conventional ordinary Portland cement. It was found that the slowly cooled slags did not show any cementing properties. The iron oxide-devoid slag, on slow cooling, disintegrated into fine powder. The water-cured cubic specimens of quenched slag products were tested for their compressive strengths. The cementing properties of the quenched slag products were improved by formation of hydraulic phases and showed considerable strength after 28 days of water curing.