新一代天气雷达在人工增雨中应用的初步研究

利用CINRAD配合常规天气分析,对福建省2002年上半年人工增雨作业条件和作业效果进行初步分析.结果表明CINRAD的应用不仅使人工增雨科学性提高,而且为人工增雨效果分析提供一些物理证据.     

关于提高金刚石钻进效果的试验研究

为了提高金刚石钻进的效果，根据试验研究结果建议从金刚石镀膜，胎体添加稀土元素2个方面来提高金刚石钻头的工作能力，采用以每转进尺为基础的恒钻速钻进方法，利用泡沫作为冲洗介质的钻进工艺。     

Effectiveness of monsoon floods on the Tapi River, India: role of channel geometry and hydrologic regime

Geomorphic effects of floods are a function of several controlling factors, such as magnitude, frequency, rate of sediment movement, flood power, duration of effective flows, sequence of events and the channel geometry. In this paper, these measures of effectiveness have been evaluated for the monsoon-dominated, flood-controlled and incised Tapi River, India by defining four flow categories: low flows, moderate flows, floods and large floods. Ratios between effectiveness parameters of moderate flows on one hand and the floods, large floods and maximum floods on the other, were computed to understand the relative importance of moderate and large flows. In addition to this, stream-power graphs for large floods were constructed, and the changes in channel form were analyzed by using multi-date cross-sections. The results of the study indicate that the morphological characteristics of the bedrock as well as the alluvial channels of the monsoonal and incised Tapi River are maintained by large-magnitude, but low frequency floods that occur at long intervals. Because the channel is incised the effectiveness of large flows is accentuated. The incised channel form enhances the role of large floods by reducing the width–depth ratio, and by increasing the velocity as well as the energy per unit area. The low and moderate flows are superior to high-magnitude flows, only in terms of suspended sediment transport and frequency of occurrence. Another conclusion is that the suspended sediment carried by flows may not be the most appropriate criterion for measuring the geomorphic effectiveness of flows, particularly for monsoonal rivers.     

内蒙古中东部浅覆盖区化探岩屑测量方法研究及靶区优选应用

内蒙古自治区中东部二连浩特-东乌珠穆沁旗（东乌旗）一带草原区,地貌景观多为平缓山丘类型.因水系沉积物、风积物以及风化残积物等共存,采样介质的不同将直接影响到地球化学测量效果.在东乌旗的阿太乌拉地区和阿巴嘎旗的莫若格钦两地,对比不同粒度的样品,发现金属矿物微颗粒以物理状态不均匀地混合在岩屑介质内.与小于80目的细粒样品相比,小于4目至大于20目之间粒度的岩屑,化探异常的衬值更大,提取的异常也更准确.采用MapInfo软件提供的IDW插值法成图,得到非常清楚的各种元素之间的空间分布关系,直观地显示出找矿有利地段,对找矿靶区的筛选具有良好的指导意义.笔者通过研究,在工作区内发现几处Cu-Au及Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu异常区,并且初步证实存在带状分布的矿化体,找矿前景良好.实践证明,化探岩屑测量为在浅覆盖地区快速锁定矿产普查范围起到了非常重要的作用.     

Effectiveness of coir-based rolled erosion control systems in reducing sediment transport from hillslopes

Accelerated soil erosion is ubiquitous on human-modified hillslopes. A variety of erosion control products have been developed to reduce on-site soil resource degradation, and off-site transport of sediment and sediment-associated contaminants to receiving water bodies. However, limited quantitative data are available to assess erosion reduction effectiveness, and to establish the salient properties of the erosion control products. A replicated field-based rainfall simulation study was conducted to compare the runoff and erosion effectiveness of three coir (coconut) fiber rolled erosion control systems (RECSs) with a bare (control) treatment. Detailed temporal measurements of runoff and sediment transport were made during two phases of each experiment: (1) a 110-min application of rainfall via a rainfall simulator at 35 mm h⁻¹ after runoff initiation and (2) a 30-min period, at 3 times the flow rate of phase 1, applied via an overland flow generator. All coir treatments enhanced infiltration, delayed time to runoff generation, reduced intensity of rill incision, and reduced sediment output compared to bare treatments. More importantly, statistically significant differences were observed between coir RECSs of different architecture. For the two open weave coir systems tested, the most effective design had a higher mass per area, and less open space between the regularly aligned grid of fibers. The random fiber coir architecture was the most effective, having significantly lower runoff sediment concentrations, lower sediment yields, and a lower frequency of rill initiation. The differences in system architecture are examined in light of fundamental controls on runoff and erosion processes.     

Temporal variations in the specific stream power and total energy expenditure of a monsoonal river: The Tapi River, India

In this study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the temporal variations in specific stream power and the total energy available for geomorphic work during the monsoon season for the Tapi River, in central India. Continuous daily discharge data (1978–1990), hydraulic geometry equations and the relationship between discharge and water surface slope were used to compute the daily specific stream power (ω) for the Savkheda gauging site in the lower Tapi Basin. The total amount of energy generated by all the monsoon flows was estimated by integrating the area under the ω-graph derived for the monsoon season.The analyses of the 13-year daily discharge data reveal that the average and maximum ω values range from 4–20 W m^{− 2}, and 22–964 W m^{− 2} respectively. Specific stream power duration curve derived for the site shows that for 25% of the time the power per unit area is > 10 W m^{− 2}. Furthermore, unit stream power was found to be above the Williams' [Williams, G.P., 1983. Paleohydrological methods and some examples from Swedish fluvial environments. I. Cobble and boulder deposits. Geografiska Annaler 65A, 227–243.] threshold of pebble-movement (1.5 W m^{− 2}), cobble-movement (16 W m^{− 2}) and boulder-movement (90 W m^{− 2}) for 71%, 15% and 2% of the time, respectively. Computations further indicate that the total amount of energy generated by the flows during the monsoon season is in the range of 37 MJ (deficit monsoon years) to 256 MJ (excess monsoon and/or flood years). Large floods have one-third share in the total monsoon energy expenditure. In the absence of appropriate data on the yearwise geomorphic effects, the geomorphic work was evaluated in terms of the total suspended sediment load transported. The total monsoon sediment load is strongly related to the total monsoon energy. The results of the study indicate that the average flow competence and capacity are remarkably higher during wetter monsoon seasons and flood years than during the shorter and drier monsoon seasons.The present analyses demonstrate that the flows are geomorphically effective for a greater part of the monsoon season, except during the deficient monsoon years, and there is little doubt that large-magnitude floods are effective agents of geomorphic change in monsoonal rivers.     

复杂表、浅层地震地质条件激发效果的探讨

在复杂表、浅层地震地质条件区采用常规成孔方式比较困难、成本过高,为改善其激发、接收条件,提高复杂区地震勘探应用效果,选定典型目标区域,结合地震施工因素,对普通炸药（高爆速药柱）、聚能震源弹、地震枪、可控震源四种激发源作了对比试验,同时对检波器的组合接收也进行了试验。从试验资料分析,应优先使用可控震源车进行激发,对可控震源车无法施工的地段（如山坡地带等）采用炸药震源激发,且同等条件下,优先考虑聚能震源弹。     

生态地球化学调查在草莓种植区环境评价中的应用

生态地球化学调查是一项正在兴起的学科,目前主要在环境、农业、土地资源评价等领域中得到应用.本文就地球化学调查在特色农产品种植区环境和种植适宜性评价方面的应用做了初步探讨,对安徽省某草莓种植区的土壤环境质量、土壤条件、种植适宜性进行了评价和种植区规划.     

地质科研与勘查一体化的实践与思考

文章从地质科技管理视角,论述了我院提出地质科研与勘查一体化的理念与含义,阐明了地质科研与勘查一体化的作用与成效,简要介绍了我院与地质科研与勘查一体化找矿相关的几个典型实例,并对我院地质科研与勘查一体化改革实践进行了初步总结。地质科研与勘查一体化不仅解决了行业地质科研的生存和发展问题,而且在当前找矿难度日益增大的背景下,将成为提升地质找矿能力的重要有效途径,具有十分广阔的发展前景。     

福山凹陷白莲流二段储层分类方法

福山凹陷白莲地区流二段砂岩储层具有埋藏深、砾石发育、孔隙结构复杂等特点,测井难以准确评价该区储层的有效性。针对这一问题,首先通过分析岩心实验资料,明确了影响该地区储层孔隙结构的主要因素为骨架颗粒接触性质,即喉道性质;其次在此研究基础上,开展了基于压汞实验数据表征储层有效性方法研究,根据反映岩石孔喉的参数（最大半径、平均半径、中值半径、分选系数）和岩石孔隙度构建了表征储层渗流和储集流体能力的综合性指数,并结合试油资料建立了该地区储层分类标准;最后利用回归分析的方法刻度常规测井数据,实现了利用常规测井数据进行储层有效性的评价,并应用在实际生产中,测井解释符合率由原来的72%提高到80%。