低丰度碳酸盐岩有效烃源岩存在的 证据及其TOC下限

中国碳酸盐岩分布面积广、热演化程度高、有机质丰度普遍较低,研究低丰度碳酸盐岩能否成为有效烃源岩对评价碳酸盐岩油气潜力和勘探前景具有重要意义。多方面研究表明,随着深度增大或热演化程度的提高,碳酸盐岩烃源岩TOC降低、生烃潜力和残留烃量均表现出先增大后减小的趋势,生烃热模拟实验结果等都表明低丰度碳酸盐岩烃源岩可以发生生排烃作用,国外勘探实践亦发现低丰度碳酸盐岩作为烃源岩的油气田,这都表明低丰度碳酸盐岩可以成为有效烃源岩。确定碳酸盐岩烃源岩TOC下限需要考虑多个因素,研究认为碳酸盐岩烃源岩的TOC下限应该比泥页岩的05%低一些。根据排烃门限,利用生烃潜力法和物质平衡数值模拟计算法确定了不同成熟阶段有效烃源岩TOC下限,结合前人研究成果和勘探实践,综合确定低成熟阶段、成熟阶段和高过成熟阶段碳酸盐岩有效烃源岩的TOC下限分别为TOC≥14%、TOC=01%~14%和TOC＜01%。     

植物地球化学找矿中有效指示元素和有效指示植物的选择方法—以黑龙江多宝山铜成矿区为例

黑龙江多宝山铜成矿区属于大兴安岭森林沼泽景观区,在该区进行植物地球化学找矿具有一定优势。在植物地球化学找矿中,有效指示元素和有效指示植物是主要评价指标。本文研究目的是如何确定有效指示元素和有效指示植物。通过多宝山铜成矿区和相邻对照区植物地球化学对比研究,提出有效指示元素和有效指示植物选择的原则和方法。提出利用衬度系数(KCD)、组合衬度系数(ZKCD)、屏障系数(KPZ)等多指标方法选择有效指示植物。研究认为,多宝山成矿区有效指示元素为Cu及Ag、Mo、Co、Pb、Zn、W,白桦和胡枝子可作为有效指示植物。     

铀矿勘探工作人员年有效剂量当量的估算

γ测井仪或物探编录仪野外核查常用的6号或5号226Ra源及密度测井时所挂137Cs源发出的核辐射无色无味,若不注意防护会对人体造成伤害.文章介绍了铀矿勘查中放射源γ射线对人的辐射有效剂量当量的估算,为工作人员的安全防护提供指导和参考.     

GPS网形与GPS网质量的关系分析

基于GPS静态相对测量,基线数据处理采用双差观测值单基线解算的一般模式,讨论GPS网基线解算和3维无约束平差的公式,得出GPS网的质量与基线向量质量和GPS网结构有关,而与网形和点位无关,并通过实验数据,分析验证了这一观点,提出了一些有益的结论。     

National Mapping Profiles

This paper provides the background necessary for a clear understanding of forthcoming papers relating to the Visvalingam algorithm for line generalization, for example on the testing and usage of its implementations. It distinguishes the algorithm from implementation-specific issues to explain why it is possible to get inconsistent but equally valid output from different implementations. By tracing relevant developments within the now-disbanded Cartographic Information Systems Research Group (CISRG) of the University of Hull, it explains why (a) a partial metric-driven implementation was, and still is, sufficient for many projects but not for others; (b) why the effective area (EA) is a measure derived from a metric; (c) why this measure (EA) may serve as a heuristic indicator for in-line feature segmentation and model-based generalization; (d) how metrics may be combined to change the order of point elimination; and (e) how Tobler's rule-of-thumb is useful for scale-related filtering of EA. The issues discussed in this paper also apply to the use of other metrics. It is hoped that the background and guidance provided in this paper will enable others to participate in further research based on the algorithm.     

海河基线检测场建设及观测墩施工放样方法

介绍了"中国地震背景场探测项目"中海河基线检测场的建立过程,对检测场的选择、建立、观测墩的平面放样和高程放样的两种施工放样方法分别进行详细阐述,最后对基线检测场建设的建议及工作体会进行了总结。     

滁州地区土壤地球化学基准值与背景值研究

基于滁州地区多目标区域地球化学调查数据资料,统计获得了表、深层土壤地球化学基准值、背景值及相关的地球化学参数。研究表明：成土母质类型对土壤元素地球化学基准值影响显著,表层土壤元素含量相对于深层土壤既有继承性,又有差异性。在不同的土壤层的一些元素含量明显不同。土壤的形成过程和人类活动已经对土壤中元素含量的分布有显著的影响。因此,土壤地球化学基准值与背景值研究中应多考虑地质背景、物质来源等因素的影响,     

Implications of climate change in the twenty‐first century for simulated magnitude and frequency of bed‐material transport in tributaries of the Saint‐Lawrence River

More frequent extreme flood events are likely to occur in many areas in the twenty‐first century due to climate change. The impacts of these changes on sediment transport are examined at the event scale using a 1D morphodynamic model (SEDROUT4‐M) for three tributaries of the Saint‐Lawrence River (Québec, Canada) using daily discharge series generated with a hydrological model (HSAMI) from three global climate models (GCMs). For all tributaries, larger flood events occur in all future scenarios, leading to increases in bed‐material transport rates, number of transport events and number of days in the year where sediment transport occurs. The effective and half‐load discharges increase under all GCM simulations. Differences in flood timing within the tributaries, with a shift of peak annual discharge from the spring towards the winter, compared to the hydrograph of the Saint‐Lawrence River, generate higher sediment transport rates because of increased water surface slope and stream power. Previous research had shown that channel erosion is expected under all GCMs' discharge scenarios. This study shows that, despite lower bed elevations, flood risk is likely to increase as a result of higher flood magnitude, even with falling base level in the Saint‐Lawrence River. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cavity expansion in unsaturated soils exhibiting hydraulic hysteresis considering three drainage conditions

Cavity expansion theory assists in the interpretation of in situ tests including the cone penetration test and pressuremeter test. In this paper, a cavity expansion analysis is presented for unsaturated silty sand exhibiting hydraulic hysteresis. The similarity technique is used in the analysis. The soil stress–strain behaviour is described by a bounding surface plasticity model. Results of oedometric compression tests, isotropic compression tests and triaxial shear tests for both saturated and unsaturated states are used to calibrate the model. The void ratio, suction, degree of saturation and effective stress are fully coupled in the analysis. The influence of where the initial hydraulic state is located on the soil–water characteristic curve on the cavity wall pressure is investigated and found to be significant. Also, the effects of three different drainage conditions (constant suction, constant moisture content and constant contribution of suction to the effective stress) on cavity wall pressure are studied. It is found that the drainage condition in which the contribution of suction to the effective stress is constant offers a good approximation to the other two. This may simplify interpretation of in situ tests. When testing occurs quickly, meaning a constant moisture content condition prevails, a constant contribution of suction condition can be assumed without loss of significant accuracy. The contribution of suction assumed in the interpretation can be taken as being equal to the in situ value, although this discovery may not be applicable to all soil types, constitutive models and soil–water characteristic curves. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.