Sedimentologically significant tributaries: catchment‐scale controls on sediment (dis)connectivity in the Lockyer Valley,SEQ, Australia

The nature of catchment‐scale sediment (dis)connectivity is the primary influence on sediment delivery to trunk streams and controls the particle size distribution of channel bed sediments. Here, we examine the distribution of major sediment buffers (floodplains, terraces, alluvial fans, trapped tributary fills), barriers (weirs), and effective catchment area (i.e. sediment contributing area) to characterize the potential for coarse sediment (dis)connectivity in 20 tributaries of Lockyer Creek, in the Lockyer Valley, SEQ. We then analyse the distribution of trunk stream sedimentary links to determine how certain tributaries or disconnecting features (buffers and barriers) influence downstream patterns of bed sediment fining along Lockyer Creek. We find that buffering increases downstream in the Lockyer Valley, and that tributary position and shape influence the space available for sediment buffering. Correspondingly, the spatial extent of sediment buffers impacts the distribution of effective catchment area, which influences the sedimentological significance of individual tributaries. Tributary sediment connectivity, the extent of overbank flows (floodwater zones), and weir locations all exert an additional influence on the distribution of sediment links along the trunk stream. These controls are related to the physiographic and climatic setting of the Lockyer Valley, and anthropogenic influences in this system. We conclude that controls on sediment connectivity and bed load sediment characteristics are highly variable between catchments, and that sediment (dis)connectivity merits equal consideration with tributary basin/channel size when determining controls on tributary–trunk stream relationships and channel sediment regime. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Complex resistivity of mineral rocks in the context of the generalised effective‐medium theory of the induced polarisation effect

This paper develops the generalised effective‐medium theory of induced polarisation for rock models with elliptical grains and applies this theory to studying the complex resistivity of typical mineral rocks. We first demonstrate that the developed generalised effective‐medium theory of induced polarisation model can correctly represent the induced polarisation phenomenon in multiphase artificial rock samples manufactured using pyrite and magnetite particles. We have also collected representative rock samples from the Cu–Au deposit in Mongolia and subjected them to mineralogical analysis using Quantitative Evaluation of Minerals by Scanning Electron Microscopy technology. The electrical properties of the same samples were determined using laboratory complex resistivity measurements. As a result, we have established relationships between the mineral composition of the rocks, determined using Quantitative Evaluation of Minerals by Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis, and the parameters of the generalised effective‐medium theory of induced polarisation model defined from the laboratory measurements of the electrical properties of the rocks. These relationships open the possibility for remote estimation of types of mineralisation and for mineral discrimination using spectral induced polarization data.     

Evaluation of horizontal stiffness of fibre‐reinforced elastomeric isolators

Unbonded fibre‐reinforced elastomeric isolator (U‐FREI) is relatively new seismic base isolator in which fibre layers are used as reinforcement to replace steel shims as are normally used in conventional isolators. Further, the top and bottom end steel connector plates of conventional isolators are also removed. In general, the horizontal response of U‐FREI is nonlinear because of reduction in contact area due to rollover deformation and reduction in shear modulus of isolator under large deformation. Thus, evaluation of horizontal stiffness of U‐FREI is a challenging problem. Most previous studies were focused on the investigation of horizontal response of scaled models of U‐FREIs with low shape factors. A few analytical approaches were suggested for predicting the horizontal response of U‐FREI; but their results were not in good agreement with experimental observations. In the present study, the horizontal responses of prototype U‐FREIs are evaluated under a constant vertical pressure and cyclic loading using both experiments and finite element analysis. Prototype U‐FREIs with different shear moduli and with different shape factors are considered. Finite element simulations of corresponding bonded FREIs are also performed under the same loadings as in U‐FREIs. A rational analytical approach including the influence of rollover deformation and simultaneous reduction in shear modulus is proposed as a basic analytical tool for predicting the horizontal stiffness of FREIs (both bonded and unbonded). It is in reasonably good agreement with the results obtained from experiments and numerical analysis. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于深度卷积神经网络的地震数据局部信噪比估计

估计地震数据的信噪比对于地震数据的处理和解释具有重要作用.以往估计地震数据信噪比的方法都需要分离数据中的有效信号和噪声,然后再估计相应的信噪比.这些估计方法的精度严重依赖信号估计方法或噪声压制方法的有效性,往往存在偏差.本文提出一种估计地震数据局部信噪比的深度卷积神经网络模型,通过迭代训练优化参数,构建从含噪地震数据到其信噪比的特征映射.然后使用该神经网络完成信噪比的推理预测,不需要分离地震数据中的有效信号和噪声.模拟数据和实际资料的处理结果都表明,本文的方法可以准确而高效地估计局部地震数据的信噪比,为地震数据质量的定量评价提供依据.     

Thermal effects on fluid flow and hydraulic fracturing from wellbores and cavities in low-permeability formations

The coupled heat-fluid-stress problem of circular wellbore or spherical cavity subjected to a constant temperature change and a constant fluid flow rate is considered. Transient analytical solutions for temperature, pore pressure and stress are developed by coupling conductive heat transfer with Darcy fluid flow in a poroelastic medium. They are applicable to low permeability porous media suitable for liquid-waste disposal and also simulating reservoir for enhanced oil recovery, where conduction dominates the heat transfer process. A full range of solutions is presented showing separately the effects of temperature and fluid flow on pore pressure and stress development. It is shown that injection of warm fluid can be used to restrict fracture development around wellbores and cavities and generally to optimize a fluid injection operation. Both the limitations of the solutions and the convective flow effect are addressed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

珠江口溶解有机物的遥感动态监测

河口有色溶解有机物（colored dissolved organic matter,CDOM）的分布是各种物理-生物地球化学过程共同作用的结果。为实现河口高动态变化CDOM的监测,遥感是一种重要的手段。由珠江口四个不同季节的航次获得的实测数据,本文构建了一个遥感算法以反演CDOM在400 nm的吸收系数（a_CDOM （400））。该算法使用以波段反射率比值R_rs （667）/R_rs （443）和R_rs （748）/R_rs （412）为自变量。将构建的算法应用于2002-2014年的MODIS/Aqua数据,本文计算了珠江口不同季节的a_CDOM （400）气候态分布。CDOM的分布主要受珠江径流量和区域水下地形特征的影响。沿着垂直于水深梯度的断面,气候态a_CDOM （400）呈指数减少（y=ae^bx,b<0）,但不同季节差异很大。珠江口CDOM主要是河流淡水输运而来。其中,富里酸比例随盐度的增加而降低。基于构建的算法、CDOM保守混合方程和径流量,本文由MODIS/Aqua数据进一步估算了2002-2014年夏季和冬季珠江DOC的有效入海浓度和有效入海通量。珠江的有效入海浓度和有效入海通量都与流量存在正相关关系,且在夏季的相关性更明显,R2分别为0.698和0.9657。     

遥感海表盐度分析产品的有效分辨率研究

针对SMOS和Aquarius海表盐度误差分析没有区分不同空间频谱信噪特征的问题,基于6种主要的遥感盐度分析产品,根据定性图像、纬向波数谱、均方根误差等指标,分析产品的有效分辨率并探讨其原因机制。研究表明:CATDS-0.25°分析产品所描述的盐度场中小尺度结构失真,其较高谱能量密度在热带海域以噪音为主,而在西边界流等海域以信号为主;BEC-L3-0.25°有着较小的均方根误差、清晰的盐度图像、显著的中尺度能量,最适于描绘中尺度(25~100 km)盐度特征;BEC-L4-0.25°被奇异谱分析方法过度平滑了盐度场;Aquarius-V2-1.00°通过局部平滑处理,在描述大尺度(＞100 km)盐度现象方面表现较好;Aquarius-CAP-1.00°通过主动-被动联合算法(CAP)减小了均方根误差,但图像中卫星轨道形态明显;CATDS-1.00°的图像形态、能量分布和误差特征与Aquarius-V2-1.00°相当。这些结论可为用户正确使用产品进行地球物理学研究提供参考。     

振荡剪切流作用下钢悬链线立管非线性动力分析

钢悬链线立管(SCR)的非线性动力响应会在复杂的海洋环境下发生改变。以钢悬链线立管为研究对象,采用细长柔性杆理论,考虑波浪与振荡剪切流联合作用,建立钢悬链线立管运动方程并进行有限元离散,在时域中求解,编写相应计算程序,通过算例研究钢悬链线立管在波浪与振荡剪切流联合作用下的动力响应变化规律。将振荡剪切流与一般剪切流进行对比,得到突发海况下振荡剪切流对钢悬链线立管动力响应的影响规律,为复杂海洋环境下的工程设计提供依据。     

基于GPS信噪比观测值的水位反演研究

介绍了利用GPS信噪比(SNR)数据反演水位变化的原理．选取Calcasieu Pass GPS站的SNR数据反演水位变化,并与附近验潮站监测数据进行对比,两者表现出很好的一致性,两者的相关系数优于0.80,RMSE在8 cm左右,验证了基于GPS SNR数据监测海平面变化的可行性和可靠性,通过不同时段和时长的试验分析,证明了岸基GPS站可连续对水位进行监测．      

黄河流域有效辐射拟合研究

在深入分析有效辐射理论公式的基础上,利用日射站和常规气象站观测资料,确定有效辐射拟合的经验函数式;利用数据集群技术,建立一系列不同时空尺度的有效辐射估算模式;通过误差分析,最终确定适用于全国范围有效辐射计算的拟合模型;采用确定的有效辐射拟合模型,结合黄河流域及其周边常规气象站观测资料,对黄河流域1960~2000年有效辐射进行计算,利用ArcG IS将站点有效辐射拟合结果进行空间内差,获得黄河流域有效辐射的空间分布。