Sediment entrainment by a soft‐bedded glacier: a model based on regelation into the bed

Experimental results indicate that wet‐based, soft‐bedded glaciers may penetrate their substrates by regelation (melting and refreezing) and thereby entrain sediment. In principle, there should be a steady depth of penetration at which the downward regelation speed, driven by the interfacial effective pressure, equals the basal melt rate. Herein, the magnitude and distribution of penetration are estimated for the case of a glacier resting on a deformable bed with channelized basal drainage. The distance between channels and the distribution of effective pressure across the bed are calculated, and special attention is paid to the interdependence of the basal melt rate and effective pressure. A major uncertainty is whether fine‐grained tills may impede or prevent regelation as a result of high surface tension at the ice/water interface. Predicted penetration depths range from millimetres to a few decimetres, and thus, dirty basal ice layers of such thicknesses might be expected. Predicted distances between channels agree well with those indicated by borehole measurements at Ice Stream B, West Antarctica. Effective pressures, and hence penetration depths, increase toward channels. Therefore, the edges of interfluves, bounded by anastomosing subglacial channels, should be eroded preferentially. This motivates the testable hypothesis that such erosion contributes to the formation of streamlined landforms, such as drumlins. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

电提取离子法中离子来源深度初探

以“面向对象的思维方式”,通过简单的分析和逻辑推理给出了离子来源深度的估值公式,应用所得公式试算了某金矿区是提取离子法所得异常的离子来源深度,同时以该矿区的资料为基础进行正演试算。由此说明了电提取离子法中所提取的离子的来源深度不超过１ｍ,甚至数十厘米。     

可控震源定向照明方法的仿真研究

当野外噪声很强,即使使用组合震源地震也无法获得满意信噪比的地震数据时,本文提出了一种基于可控震源阵列的定向照明控制方法,采用该方法可形成定向地震波.通过仿真研究合成了8激震器可控震源阵列分别采用简单组合及定向照明技术得到的单炮地震记录,可以看出采用合适的延时参数,定向照明单炮地震记录的反射波信噪比高于组合地震情况.定量的计算结果表明,实验条件下采用0.89 ms延时参数,各反射波信噪比分别提高了10.19 dB,3.23 dB和1.02 dB.由此可见,可控震源定向照明地震技术是一种提高原始地震资料信噪比的有效方法.     

表面波有效相速度近似分析方法

分层介质中瑞利面波有多个模态,表面瞬态响应是多个模态响应的叠加。在近场,面波模态响应传播速度随传播距离而变化;在远场,其趋于模态相速度。由分层介质表面两不同点响应互谱分析(SASW)得到的有效相速度并不对应于面波基阶模态相速度,它与波场中高阶模态能量分配比例有关。有效相速度随传播距离而变化,近场体波对有效相速度影响较大。对分层介质在简谐荷载下表面质点位移响应进行了互谱分析,得到了有效相速度理论值,通过理论值与测试值匹配分析可估算分层参数,该分析方法考虑了近场及高阶面波模态对有效相速度的影响。     

Complex resistivity of mineral rocks in the context of the generalised effective‐medium theory of the induced polarisation effect

This paper develops the generalised effective‐medium theory of induced polarisation for rock models with elliptical grains and applies this theory to studying the complex resistivity of typical mineral rocks. We first demonstrate that the developed generalised effective‐medium theory of induced polarisation model can correctly represent the induced polarisation phenomenon in multiphase artificial rock samples manufactured using pyrite and magnetite particles. We have also collected representative rock samples from the Cu–Au deposit in Mongolia and subjected them to mineralogical analysis using Quantitative Evaluation of Minerals by Scanning Electron Microscopy technology. The electrical properties of the same samples were determined using laboratory complex resistivity measurements. As a result, we have established relationships between the mineral composition of the rocks, determined using Quantitative Evaluation of Minerals by Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis, and the parameters of the generalised effective‐medium theory of induced polarisation model defined from the laboratory measurements of the electrical properties of the rocks. These relationships open the possibility for remote estimation of types of mineralisation and for mineral discrimination using spectral induced polarization data.     

Sedimentologically significant tributaries: catchment‐scale controls on sediment (dis)connectivity in the Lockyer Valley,SEQ, Australia

The nature of catchment‐scale sediment (dis)connectivity is the primary influence on sediment delivery to trunk streams and controls the particle size distribution of channel bed sediments. Here, we examine the distribution of major sediment buffers (floodplains, terraces, alluvial fans, trapped tributary fills), barriers (weirs), and effective catchment area (i.e. sediment contributing area) to characterize the potential for coarse sediment (dis)connectivity in 20 tributaries of Lockyer Creek, in the Lockyer Valley, SEQ. We then analyse the distribution of trunk stream sedimentary links to determine how certain tributaries or disconnecting features (buffers and barriers) influence downstream patterns of bed sediment fining along Lockyer Creek. We find that buffering increases downstream in the Lockyer Valley, and that tributary position and shape influence the space available for sediment buffering. Correspondingly, the spatial extent of sediment buffers impacts the distribution of effective catchment area, which influences the sedimentological significance of individual tributaries. Tributary sediment connectivity, the extent of overbank flows (floodwater zones), and weir locations all exert an additional influence on the distribution of sediment links along the trunk stream. These controls are related to the physiographic and climatic setting of the Lockyer Valley, and anthropogenic influences in this system. We conclude that controls on sediment connectivity and bed load sediment characteristics are highly variable between catchments, and that sediment (dis)connectivity merits equal consideration with tributary basin/channel size when determining controls on tributary–trunk stream relationships and channel sediment regime. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大厚度黄土地区单击夯击能影响强夯加固效果的试验研究

针对黄土丘陵地区高填方下大厚度黄土地基强夯加固参数及效果开展了系列试验研究,分析了强夯前、后各试验区平均夯沉量和土体主要物理力学指标的变化规律,并给出6 000、8 000、10 000、12 000 kN·m能级条件下强夯加固的夯点中心距、击数、有效加固深度等主要参数,在此基础上确定了强夯有效加固深度的估算方法。试验结果表明,加固后黄土的孔隙比、干密度和湿陷系数可作为强夯加固效果的评价指标;强夯处理后地基土的物理力学指标在满足设计要求时其下限深度即为有效处理深度;在湿陷性大厚度黄土地区,以夯点土和夯间土湿陷性均消除的地基土下限深度可作为有效处理深度。     

强环噪地区可控震源高效混叠采集应用效果

随着高密度以及深层地震勘探的发展和普及,采集数据量随之急剧增加,常规采集方法已经不能有效地适应这些大数据量的勘探项目需求,高效地震采集方法成为必然.近几年来,混叠采集是较新发展的一种高效采集方法.本文在调研目前常用的混合源和同时源方法的基础上,总结提出了混叠采集的新概念.根据概念建立起理论正演模型进行模拟,模拟混叠采集方法与常规采集方法的区别、不同参数对混叠效果的影响等,得出相关的结论.在华北东部廊固凹陷进行了验证性试验.廊固凹陷地处华北平原,交通发达,村庄密集,存在较大的空炮率和超强的环境噪声,对资料品质有较大的影响,野外试验与模拟试验结果大致相同,也有一定的差异.与以往规则型的混叠方式不同,本研究在试验中创新性引入了任意随机与不同激发信号的混叠方式方法,取得了一些新的认识.研究结果表明:混叠采集方法能显著地提高生产效率;混叠带来的噪声可以通过不同域来去除;混叠采集需要一定的合适的空间间隔;混叠采集数据品质略差于常规方法,但可以通过提高采集密度和生产效率来弥补;混叠参数选取要考虑平衡施工效率、噪声水平和资料品质.     

强震作用下地铁车站结构损伤破坏的高效分析方法

地下结构的关键构件(如柱子等)在地震作用下可能发生破坏,进而影响结构体系的整体稳定性。在借鉴传统反应位移法的基础上,提出了一种新的位移时程反应分析方法,采用该方法对日本神户大开地铁车站进行地震响应分析。结果表明:位移时程反应分析方法能够考虑土-结构相互作用、材料非线性、几何非线性、水平地震与竖向地震的耦合作用及地震动传播的时空效应,适用于地下结构地震反应分析,利用该方法得出的地铁车站结构变形及损伤破坏与实际震害观察具有较好的一致性,并指出大开地铁车站结构的整体垮塌是由于柱子剪坏和高轴压联合作用所致。     

Determination of EC50 Values for Cu,Zn, and Cr on Microorganisms Activity in a Mediterranean Sandy Soil

Ecotoxicity of three potentially toxic metals (PTM) (Cu, Zn, and Cr) in a slightly acidic sandy soil is tested using the soil respiration test (OECD‐217) in order to determine EC₅₀ values for the carbon transformation activity of microorganisms. Addition of an organic amendment of Populus leaves is also crossed with metal spiking in order to investigate possible interaction with metal toxicity. Soil respiration is measured at day 1 and 28 after the soil spiking with the PTM to assess short‐term effects on soil microbial activity. Of the three metals tested, Cu shows the highest toxicity at the longest exposure times (day 28) and Zn shows a strong inhibitory effect in the short‐term (day 1), even though later toxicity diminish significantly. Cr is the least toxic studied PTM. Organic amendment outweighs any adverse effects of these metals, increasing soil respiration, even in the treatments with high doses of metals.