On predicting and improving the quality of Volunteer Geographic Information projects

Initiatives that rely upon the contributions of volunteers to reach a specific goal are growing more and more with the success of Web 2.0–interactive applications. Also scientific projects are testing and exploiting volunteers' collaboration, but the quality of information obtained with this approach is often puzzling. This paper offers a rich overview of many scientific projects where geographic contributions are committed to volunteers, to the aim of defining strategies to improve information quality. By describing real examples of Volunteer Geographic Information (VGI), the contribution establishes a categorization based on the characteristics of the information, tasks, and scopes of the projects. After a discussion on the relationships of categories and VGI quality, the paper analyses techniques to improve the quality of volunteered information according to the moment of its assessment (i.e., ex ante, ex post, or both with respect to information creation). The paper outlines the main limitations of the different approaches and indicates some guidelines for future developments.     

自动气象观测数据的质量控制

精细化气候变化分析及气候预测服务亟待发展,对高分辨率优质量的气候资料需求不断增长。本文利用缺测率、对比差值、空间一致性、粗差率、一致率5个指标对2009—2014年浙江省2 209个自动站温度数据进行评估分析,运用开放式可调整的评分标准,选取数据质量稳定可靠的站点,满足气候研究与业务的发展需求。共取得91个一级可用站,499个二级可用站,363个三级可用站,一级站主要分布于宁波和嘉兴地区,二级和三级站在各地都有较均匀的分布。在全省气候统计分析中,可以根据需求利用可用站。此外,有可用自动站参与的温度分布图完美呈现了地形对温度的影响,也使城市化发展突显出来,精细化的气候分析能更有效的为高山地区耕种制度及城市建设与规划提供科学依据。     

FDR自动土壤水分数据标定问题及解决方法

针对目前FDR自动土壤水分数据可用性低的实际情况,本文从FDR自动土壤水分站传感器原理出发,结合数据处理流程与方法对湖南60个站点不同层次的标定参数及部分站点的相关观测数据进行了分析,指出目前田间标定法在自然条件下几乎无法得到覆盖土壤各个湿度区间的均匀样本数据,导致二次标定参数不合理是造成FDR自动土壤水分站数据可用性差的根本原因。二次标定方程参数不合理主要表现为方程斜率过大、过小、负值3种情况,导致观测数据增幅过大、常年不变、与实际土壤湿度变化趋势完全相反等问题。最后针对该问题提出了大样本原状取土,实验室标定的解决方法,并对方法进行了初步验证,结果表明该方法能从源头上有效改善土壤水分站观测数据质量。     

天绘一号03星三线阵/多光谱载荷影像质量评价

2015年10月26号发射的天绘一号03星是中国传输型立体测绘卫星天绘一号系列的第3颗卫星。三线阵和多光谱影像数据是天绘一号卫星的重要数据,用于立体测绘、彩色融合、遥感观测等多种用途。因此,为了推动天绘一号03卫星影像数据早日为相关领域提供服务,本文采用客观评价的方法,对天绘一号03星的三线阵和多光谱影像质量进行了全面的评价分析。评价结果显示(天绘一号)03星的清晰度、对比度、细节能量、边缘能量、功率谱、信息容量指标值远高于天绘一号01、02星。说明天绘一号03星三线阵/多光谱影像在地物细节和边缘纹理特征的描述上优于天绘一号01、02星,同时载荷接收的信息量远高于天绘一号01、02星。天绘一号03星较高的信噪比指标说明其载荷抑制噪声的能力优于天绘一号01、02星。边缘辐射畸变和增益调整畸变表明在辐射均匀程度上,天绘一号03星三线阵/多光谱影像介于天绘一号01和02星之间。因此,与同类天绘一号01,02星的三线阵与多光谱影像相比,天绘一号03星影像质量有着显著的提高。     

水质关键因素光谱遥感监测技术分析

针对传统水体水质分析方法过度依赖于实地测量和实验室化学分析,需要耗费大量人力物力且效率不高的问题,从水质遥感监测数据获取手段、典型反演监测模型、不同水体光谱遥感监测应用状况、水质遥感监测技术应用及前景等方面分析归纳了使用遥感技术监测水质的新方法。从可用数据类型、数据特征等方面对水质遥感监测数据获取的3种主要手段进行了比较;从复杂程度、使用场景、优缺点等方面对4种典型的反演模型进行了归纳;对遥感数据和模型在Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类水体应用中的常用组合方式进行了分析总结。     

思维导图方法的教学实践

思维导图在国内外已有多项研究证明思维导图在促进学生创新思维发展上有作用。在测绘类学科的高校教学中引入思维导图这种学习和工作方法,用在测绘本科教学改革中的讲座责任制授课模式上,通过在测绘本科教学方法改革的需求分析、应用实践和学生调查统计,得出结论:思维导图用于测绘类高校教学中,有利于提高学生创新思辨和自主学习能力,有助于达到以"能力"为核心的测绘专业人才培养目标。     

Reactive transport impacts on recovered freshwater quality during multiple partially penetrating wells (MPPW-)ASR in a brackish heterogeneous aquifer

The use of multiple partially penetrating wells (MPPW) during aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) in brackish aquifers can significantly improve the recovery efficiency (RE) of unmixed injected water. The water quality changes by reactive transport processes in a field MPPW-ASR system and their impact on RE were analyzed. The oxic freshwater injected in the deepest of four wells was continuously enriched with sodium (Na⁺) and other dominant cations from the brackish groundwater due to cation exchange by repeating cycles of ‘freshening’. During recovery periods, the breakthrough of Na⁺ was retarded in the deeper and central parts of the aquifer by ‘salinization’. Cation exchange can therefore either increase or decrease the RE of MPPW-ASR compared to the RE based on conservative Cl⁻, depending on the maximum limits set for Na⁺, the aquifer’s cation exchange capacity, and the native groundwater and injected water composition. Dissolution of Fe and Mn-containing carbonates was stimulated by acidifying oxidation reactions, involving adsorbed Fe²⁺ and Mn²⁺ and pyrite in the pyrite-rich deeper aquifer sections. Fe²⁺ and Mn²⁺ remained mobile in anoxic water upon approaching the recovery proximal zone, where Fe²⁺ precipitated via MnO₂ reduction, resulting in a dominating Mn²⁺ contamination. Recovery of Mn²⁺ and Fe²⁺ was counteracted by frequent injections of oxygen-rich water via the recovering well to form Fe and Mn-precipitates and increase sorption. The MPPW-ASR strategy exposes a much larger part of the injected water to the deeper geochemical units first, which may therefore control the mobilization of undesired elements during MPPW-ASR, rather than the average geochemical composition of the target aquifer.     

板桥-合水地区长63储层成岩相孔隙结构特征及优质储层分布

利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、常规压汞、恒速压汞及相渗等资料,研究了板桥-合水地区长6₃储层成岩相类型及其微观孔隙结构特征,总结了不同成岩相的测井响应特征,确定了纵向及平面分布规律。结果表明优质成岩相的展布受沉积相、成岩作用与孔隙结构共同控制,尤其是喉道分布才是控制砂岩储层渗透性的主要因素。水云母胶结-残余粒间孔相和水云母胶结-长石溶蚀相储层主要分布于半深湖相重力流复合水道浊流沉积中,细-微细喉道发育,孔喉连通性好,渗流能力最好,油水呈相对均匀的渗流,孔隙内的油气极易通过喉道被开采出来;绿泥石胶结相、水云母胶结弱溶蚀相储层位于分支水道边缘,呈孤岛状分布,孔喉半径小但分布均匀,渗流能力中等-差;碳酸盐胶结相、碳酸盐+水云母胶结相储层主要发育在分支水道间,孔隙结构发育程度差,喉道细小且孔喉连通性差,富集于孔隙中的油气难以通过小喉道,采收率低。     

Hydrogen sulfide measurements in air by passive/diffusive samplers and high-frequency analyzer: A critical comparison

In this study, hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) measurements in air carried out using (a) passive/diffusive samplers (Radiello^® traps) and (b) a high-frequency (60 s) real-time analyzer (Thermo^® 450i) were compared in order to evaluate advantages and limitations of the two techniques. Four different sites in urban environments (Florence, Italy) and two volcanic areas characterized by intense degassing of H₂S-rich fluids (Campi Flegrei and Vulcano Island, Italy) were selected for such measurements. The concentrations of H₂S generally varied over 5 orders of magnitude (from 10⁻¹–10³ μg/m³), the H₂S values measured with the Radiello^® traps (H₂S_R) being significantly higher than the average values measured by the Thermo^® 450i during the trap exposure (H₂S_Ta), especially when H₂S was <30 μg/m³. To test the reproducibility of the Radiello^® traps, 8 passive/diffusive samplers were contemporaneously deployed within an 0.2 m² area in an H₂S-contaminated site at Mt. Amiata (Tuscany, Italy), revealing that the precision of the H₂S_R values was ±49%. This large uncertainty, whose cause was not recognizable, is to be added to that related to the environmental conditions (wind speed and direction, humidity, temperature), which are known to strongly affect passive measurements. The Thermo^® 450i analyzer measurements highlighted the occurrence of short-term temporal variations of the H₂S concentrations, with peak values (up to 5732 μg/m³) potentially harmful to the human health. The Radiello^® traps were not able to detect such temporal variability due to their large exposure time. The disagreement between the H₂S_R and H₂S_Ta values poses severe concerns for the selection of an appropriate methodological approach aimed to provide an accurate measurement of this highly toxic air pollutant in compliance with the WHO air quality guidelines. Although passive samplers may offer the opportunity to carry out low-cost preliminary surveys, the use of the high-frequency H₂S analyzer is preferred when an accurate assessment of air quality is required. In fact, the latter provides precise real-time measurements for a reliable estimation of the effective exposure to hazardous H₂S concentrations, giving insights into the mechanisms regulating the dispersion of this air pollutant in relation to the meteorological parameters.     

Depositional System of the Carboniferous Huanglong Formation, Eastern Sichuan Basin: Constraints from Sedimentology and Geochemistry

Using analyses of the lithology, sequences, paleoenvironment, and tectonic setting, the depositional system of the Carboniferous Huanglong Formation in the eastern Sichuan Basin was identified. The lithological characteristics of the Lower Member, Middle Member, and Upper Member were analyzed and classified. Before the use of carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotopes in the analysis, all of the geochemical data were tested for validity. On the basis of the Z values obtained from carbon and oxygen isotopes, the paleoenvironments of the three members were elucidated. Lower Member was dominantly an enclosed marine environment with intense evaporation and little freshwater input into the sea. Middle Member developed in a semi-enclosed to normal marine environment with many rivers. Upper Member was formed in a normal marine environment. The east Sichuan Basin was enclosed by paleouplifts before the deposition of the Huanglong Formation, forming a relatively enclosed depositional setting. Paleogullies developed in the Silurian strata that underlie the Carboniferous rocks; these paleogullies can be identified. On the basis of a comprehensive analysis, we propose that the Huanglong Formation developed in a platform system. Four microfacies were identified: supratidal flat, dolostone flat, grain shoal, and shelf microfacies. The high-permeability and high-porosity characteristics of the grain shoal microfacies are favorable for hydrocarbon accumulation, while the supratidal flat and shelf microfacies developed very few high-quality reservoirs. The paleogullies, in which increased amounts of grain shoal microfacies developed, controlled the distribution of high-quality reservoirs.