浅议海洋生态学的定义

海洋生态学是生态学与海洋(生物)学交叉的一门学科。生态学是当今发展迅速的一门科学,许多学者从不同角度提出了生态学的定义,大致可归为经典(传统)和非传统(扩张)两大类。海洋生态学的定义源于生态学,由于海洋环境与陆地有很大的不同,科学与准确地给海洋生态学下定义,将有助于学科的研究、应用和发展。本文对国内外一些学者提出的生态学和海洋生态学的定义做了介绍和探讨,期望有助于海洋生态学的发展。     

海岛城镇空间扩展及景观生态演变研究 ——以舟山为例

本文以舟山本岛为研究对象,通过7景Landsat系列遥感影像,获取了1985-2015年7个时期内的5种地物信息。在此基础上,引入4个空间分析指标,分析了城镇扩展方位特征、城镇扩展强度及扩展速度特征、景观格局变化特征,并对影响城镇扩展的自然环境因素进行空间分析,对社会经济因素进行相关性分析。结果表明:(1)舟山本岛城镇扩展在空间方位上呈现"串珠状"的非典型蔓延特征,且在本岛第四象限扩展最显著;(2)城镇空间扩展可划分为三个阶段:城镇雏形阶段(1985-1995年)、城镇生长阶段(1995-2010年)及城镇成熟阶段(2010-2015年);(3)城镇雏形阶段,城镇"向中部绿心"扩展,岛陆森林面积减少了10.34 km2;城镇生长阶段,城镇"向海"扩展,25.10 km2周边海域经围垦转变为耕地及建设用地;城镇成熟阶段,城镇扩展"向海"与"向中部绿心"并存,对海岛生态系统陆海两侧均造成压力;(4)城镇空间扩展的空间指向主要位于海拔20 m以下,坡度10°以下的山谷、沿岸平原及围垦区。本岛人口数、房地产投入、GDP总量及路网总长等因素与城镇扩展相关性最显著。     

我国19处滨海湿地繁殖季的水鸟调查和评价

为保护滨海湿地生境以及保持海洋生态平衡和生物多样性,文章选取我国19处具有代表性的滨海湿地,于2018年5-10月的水鸟繁殖季对滨海湿地水鸟进行调查,并基于调查结果评价其种类、数量、分布密度、受重点保护种类、生物多样性和威胁因素。研究结果表明:滨海湿地水鸟共计6目10科70种77680只,其中鸻鹬类、鸥类和鹭类是主要种类,红腹滨鹬(Calidriscanutus)数量明显居多;水鸟种数和分布密度的南北差异可能与大型底栖生物的分布有关;我国滨海湿地对于红腹滨鹬等7种水鸟的生存具有重要意义,且很多水鸟种类被列入国际和国内重点保护名录;滨海湿地水鸟的多样性指数整体处于较好水平,但地区差异较大,均匀度指数和丰富度指数的分布趋势类似;滨海湿地水鸟面临的威胁因素主要包括保护缺位、养殖利益、非法猎捕、围海造地和水体污染,亟须加强保护力度。     

Political Ecologies of Dynamic Wetlands: Hydrosocial Waterscapes in the Okavango Delta

Research within geography and related disciplines has directed much attention to the coupled interactions between social and ecological systems. These studies have usefully analyzed the multifaceted, temporal, and scalar dimensions of human–environment interactions and how future environmental change will continue to challenge human resource needs. Political ecology research has also made contributions in this regard, particularly by emphasizing livelihood systems, impacts of conservation and development, agricultural production, and environmental governance. Yet although political ecology research has contributed to socioecological systems scholarship, much of this work has been situated within dryland environments or marine ecosystems that have particular biophysical features. Comparatively, wetland environments that experience dynamic flooding regimes warrant further attention from political ecology. This article engages with the findings from an ongoing research project that is evaluating the impacts of flooding variability for rural livelihoods in the Okavango Delta of Botswana. We outline some of the main findings from this work by concentrating on two themes central to political ecology: access and governance. We conclude by arguing that the Okavango Delta should be understood as a hydrosocial waterscape that encompasses a variety of socioecological relationships within the region, as well as the power relations operating at a variety of scales that both produce and govern them.     

Three Types of Spatial Function Zoning in Key Ecological Function Areas Based on Ecological and Economic Coordinated Development: A Case Study of Tacheng Basin,China

Three types of spatial function zoning is an effective measure for regional environmental protection and orderly development.For ecological and economic coordinated development, spatial function zones should be divided scientifically to clear its direction of development and protection. Therefore, based on ecological constraints, a beneficial discussion would be about the key ecological function areas adopting the concept of ecological protection restriction and supporting socioeconomic development for spatial function zoning. In this paper, the researchers, taking Tacheng Basin, Xinjiang of China as an example, choose township as basic research unit and set up an evaluation index system from three aspects, namely, ecological protection suitability, agricultural production suitability, and urban development suitability, which are analyzed by using spatial analysis functions and exclusive matrix method. The results showed that: 1) This paper formed a set of multilevel evaluation index systems for three types of spatial function zoning of the key ecological function areas based on a novel perspective by scientifically dividing Tacheng Basin into ecological space, agricultural space, and urban space,which realized the integration and scientific orientation for spatial function at the township scale. 2) Under the guidance of three types of spatial pattern, the functional orientation and suggestions of development and protection was clearly defined for ecological protection zones,ecological economic zones, agricultural production zones, and urban development zones. 3) A new idea of space governance is provided to promote the coordinated and sustainable development between ecology and economy, which can break the traditional mode of thinking about regional economic development, and offers a scientific basis and reference for macro decision-making.     

胶州湾辛岛潮间带大型底栖动物生态学调查

利用2003年8月至2004年5月(夏、秋、冬、春季)4个季度月在胶州湾辛岛潮间带的3个不同潮区的调查资料进行分析。结果共获得大型底栖动物43种,其中低潮区出现27种,中潮区和高潮区20种和19种,有6种属于3个潮区共有种。大型底栖动物总平均栖息密度为102.5个/m2,5月最高,为144.67个/m2,2月最低,为52.66个/m2;总平均生物量为60.01g/m2,11月最高,为102.99g/m2,2月最低,仅为11.87g/m2。本区大型底栖动物的栖息密度和生物量有明显的季节变化。     

象山港海湾生态系统服务价值评估

在以建设海洋牧场为主要策略修复海湾资源与环境的背景下,基于象山港海湾生态系统的基本特征,采用市场价格法、替代成本法、收益转移法等评估方法,构建了海湾生态系统服务价值评估框架,对供给、调节、文化3类服务10项子服务进行货币化评估.结果表明：2010年象山港海湾生态系统服务价值的总量约为27.16×108元/a,单位面积海域生态系统服务的价值约为482.16×104元/（km2·a）;供给服务总体比例较高,占62.83%,体现了维持渔业资源稳定持续供给的重要性;文化服务其次,占25.31%,调节服务比例偏低占11.86%,对控制非点源污染、改善生境条件提出了迫切需求.研究表明评估结果尚属偏低的保守值,有待于进一步完善,并探讨分析建设海洋牧场所起到的积极作用,对持续动态的价值评估与适应性管理提出展望.     

福建海岛潮间带底栖生物群落生态的研究

对福建海岛潮间带大型底栖生物共鉴定862种，其中动物为734种，藻类为128种。对11个主要海鸟的潮间带生物群落测定Jaccard群落系数，应用加权均值联结法聚类分析及极坐标排序分析，海岛潮间带生物群落可分为3个类型：（1）开敞海域群落，宏观上分布于地处远岸水域的海岛或近岸凸出部、开阔部水域的海岛；（2）近岸港湾群落，分布于近岸或港湾的海岛；（3）河口群落，分布于河口区的海岛。群落种类组成和海岛所在地理集团及其生境密切相关。盐度水扰动程度是影响群落分 布的主要因子。     

马粪海胆的生态研究

１９８５年５月至１９８６年月及１９８７年５月日和１５日，对威海小石岛马粪海胆的生态进行了调查。调查结果表明，小石岛马粪海胆多栖息在藻类繁茂的礁石及其下面杂有砂砾的海底。３令即长到商品规格。４月底生殖腺指数达到最高值２０％左右，５月初当海水温度升到１０－１２℃时，多数个体开始排放，进入生殖期。