ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF NON-LINEAR SOIL RESPONSE AND DYNAMIC SOIL PROPERTIES USING VERTICAL ARRAY DATA IN JAPAN

Non-linear response of the soil is investigated by comparing the spectral ratios (uphole/downhole) using weak and strong motions. Data from seven vertical arrays in Japan are analysed in this study. The frequency-dependent transfer function of soil is calculated as a ratio of the spectrum at uphole to the spectrum at downhole, considering the horizontal component of shear wave. In spectral ratio analysis auto- and cross-spectra are employed. The reduction in the predominant frequency of the transfer function with increases in excitation level reflects the non-linear response of the soil. Results of analysis demonstrate a significant non-linear ground response at six sites with surface PGA exceeding 90 gal. However, the results of one site show the linear response up to 130 gal surface PGA. Furthermore, the in situ strain-dependent soil behaviour is examined through the shear modulus – shear strain relationship. When compared, the actual and laboratory results of the shear strain – shear modulus relationship are in agreement. Additionally, a good consistency between the tendency of reduction in shear modulus ratio with shear strain increases, and reduction of predominant frequency with ground motion increases, confirms the significance of non-linearity in site effects study.     

EFFECT OF SLAB FLEXIBILITY ON INTERACTION BETWEEN TWO CIRCULAR FOUNDATIONS

The paper is aimed at investigating the effect of foundation rigidity on dynamic stiffness for two circular foundations on a viscoelastic medium. To generate the dynamic stiffness, a substructure technique is employed. For the substructure of a viscoelastic medium, the solution for wave motion reported in Reference 11 is used. For the substructures of two flexible foundations, classical plate theory with the inertial force neglected is employed to find the displacement fields of the foundation plates subjected to the interaction stresses. Then, the continuity condition for all the substructures is imposed implicitly by using the variational principle; then with the help of the reciprocal theorem the dynamic stiffness for the two flexible foundations can be obtained. For the numerical study, the boundary condition at the rims of both foundation plates is assumed to be a hinge connection to superstructures. Some numerical investigations are performed and the effect of foundation rigidity on dynamic stiffness is examined. Some discussions and conclusions are also made.     

颗粒离散单元法动力人工边界设置方法

采用颗粒离散单元法进行动力计算时,人工截断边界上需设置吸收边界条件,以防止波的反射。鉴于颗粒离散单元数值计算模型的人工边界上颗粒单元半径大小不一、边界面凸凹不平,在连续介质的黏性、黏弹性、自由场边界条件方程基础之上,推导出适用于离散介质的等效方程。在离散介质的黏性边界条件等效方程中引入微调系数,提出比值迭代法以快速确定其最优值,以实现对波的最佳吸收。采用二维颗粒离散单元计算软件PFC2D,分别建立黏性、黏弹性、自由场边界条件相关数值分析模型,探讨颗粒分布模式对黏性边界上颗粒单元半径、速度分布及比值迭代过程的影响;采用外源波动算例及经典Lamb问题算例验证黏弹性边界设置方法的正确性;通过隧洞算例检验提出的自由场边界条件设置方法的正确性。     

自适应锚索锚固岩质边坡地震动力响应分析

强震作用下常规锚索往往会因材料变形能力不足导致应力过载而被拉断,一旦锚索失效将直接危及整个锚固结构的安全。为研究自适应锚索的动力响应规律以及在自适应锚索支护下锚固边坡的动力特性,以新型抗震锚索为原型,设计自适应锚索锚固岩质边坡试验模型,并利用振动台试验系统对试验模型进行加载。试验中采用正弦波、天津波、EI波以及Taft波等4种地震波进行研究,监测锚索的应变和边坡动力响应。结果表明：锚索的轴力和地震波幅值、类型、地震激励频率等因素密切相关;锚固边坡坡面加速度及位移沿边坡高程均有不同程度的放大,相对于无锚索支护边坡,锚固边坡坡面加速度和位移峰值均有减小;自适应锚索随着预设滑移恒阻力的不同,锚索会产生不滑移、瞬间滑移、逐步滑移3种工况,对应的锚索应变时程曲线和锚固边坡动力安全系数时程具有显著不同的特征;自适应锚索滑移工况下,滑体的安全系数虽然有局部减小的阶段,但是锚固结构的安全储备较大,可适应边坡大变形和瞬态冲击荷载的作用。试验结果可为强震区路堑边坡的支护和自适应锚索抗震设计提供一定参考。     

定向剪切应力路径下冻结黏土变形特性试验

为研究复杂应力路径下冻土的强度与变形特征,采用冻土空心圆柱仪（FHCA-300）对不同负温状态下的饱和冻结黏土开展定向剪切试验,基于不同剪切方向下冻结黏土的轴向和扭剪分量的应力-应变关系,探讨土样的剪切变形特征、各向异性属性以及剪切带的演变规律,并考察温度、大主应力方向角、平均主应力以及中主应力系数等因素对冻结黏土强度的影响。结果表明：平均主应力p值对冻结黏土的应力-应变关系影响显著,尤其是p=4.5 MPa时具有较高的剪切强度,且该值可能为压融临界p值;大主应力方向变化会诱发冻结黏土的各向异性,随着大主应力方向角的增加,冻结黏土剪切强度逐渐降低,并有明显的剪切带产生;中主应力系数的增加使得轴向强度有逐渐降低的趋势,但对剪切强度影响不明显;随着温度的降低,冻结黏土强度逐渐增大,试样发生脆性破坏并出现剪切破裂面,其剪切强度主要取决于冰颗粒和土颗粒的胶结力。     

水平成层场地动剪应变与震动速度关系解析

以SHAKE2000为代表的频域等效线性化是目前主流的土层地震动计算方法。由于该方法在软土场地计算结果严重不合理,其改进方法成为目前研究热点,主要采用频率相关法,但一直没有取得实效。对频率相关法中土体动剪应变和震动速度成恒定比例关系的基本假定进行研究,从波动方程推导出了均匀全空间单向行波、单一均匀半无限场地、成层场地等3种典型场地中土体剪应变与震动速度关系的精确解答,通过数值试验研究了这一假定的合理性与偏差程度。结果表明：动剪应变和震动速度成恒定比例关系这一假定只有在无边界均匀介质单向行波情形下才成立,对于实际成层土场地,动剪应变与震动速度关系强烈依赖于波的频率和观察点的位置,如果在土层地震反应分析中忽略反射波而采用单向行波恒定比例假定将会使计算结果产生显著偏差;动剪应变与震动速度成恒定比例关系的假定导致的偏差达4个量级,即使对于单一均匀半无限空间模型偏差也十分显著;对实际土层地震动的求解,该假定在理论上定性错误,定量上偏差不可接受,必须放弃而另寻其他途径。     

土工格室补强路基整治路基病害的试验研究

土工格室广泛运用于道路或铁路路基的补强和病害整治,针对不同几何尺寸土工格室的整治效果不同,采用焊距为340、400、680 mm和高度为0.10、0.15、0.20 m组合的9种不同规格土工格室进行整治铁路基床下沉病害的现场试验,并与换砂法试验进行了对比,分析不同整治法的轨下动应力衰减规律。结果表明,格室每增高0.01 m,动应力衰减增加约0.6%～1%;焊距每增加100 mm,动应力衰减降低约5%;相比较于换砂法,土工格室法轨下动应力衰减快、分布均,路基强度高,表明换填厚度的大小与整治方法密切相关。在试验的基础上提出了换填厚度设计容许应力法,综合考虑了路基应力水平、格室与砂垫层动应力衰减性能以及路基基床土的容许承载力,为换填厚度设计提供了理论设计方法。     

胶州湾夜光藻种群动态及其大量繁殖的生态机制

为研究胶州湾夜光藻大量繁殖的生态机制,于2015年逐月对胶州湾12个站位进行了多学科综合调查,获取了温度、盐度、营养盐等环境因子的周年数据,分析了夜光藻种群丰度和结构的时空分布特征,探讨了环境因子对夜光藻种群动态的影响,以及夜光藻种群增长与其繁殖方式的相关关系。结果发现:全年各站位夜光藻丰度范围为0—31.17×10~3ind./m~3,月平均丰度呈现双峰分布;二分裂个体比例介于0—31.25‰,有性繁殖个体比例介于0—29.41‰,两种繁殖方式均呈现出季节差异及空间差异。相关性分析表明,影响夜光藻种群动态的主要因子包括水温、叶绿素a、硝氮及亚硝氮。夜光藻是冷水种,水温与夜光藻种群丰度、两种繁殖个体比例均呈显著负相关;叶绿素a反映夜光藻食物的丰富程度,与夜光藻丰度、两种繁殖个体比例呈显著正相关;亚硝氮和硝氮可能对夜光藻代谢繁殖起调控作用,与夜光藻丰度及有性繁殖个体比例呈负相关。     

The influence of increased iron concentration on survival and growth of seedlings and young plants of eelgrass Zostera marina

Iron (Fe) is an essential nutrient for plants but toxic at high concentrations. We subjected seedlings and young plants of eelgrass Zostera marina to different seawater iron concentrations (500, 600, 700, 800, 1,000 and 1,500 μg/L) for 30 days under controlled laboratory conditions. Natural seawater without added iron (500 μg/L) was used as reference seawater. No sediments were provided to avoid iron scavenging by particle surfaces in the sediment. We measured plant response in terms of survivorship, morphology, growth rate and productivity. Survival analysis combined with morphological, dynamic and productive assessment suggested that the optimum seawater iron concentration for the establishment of Z. marina seedlings and young plants is 700 μg/L. The no observed effect concentration, lowest observed effect concentration, lethal concentration that caused an increase in mortality to 10% of that of the control, and the effect concentration that caused a decrease in growth to 10% of that of the control values of young plants were significantly lower than those of seedlings, implying an increased sensitivity to high Fe concentrations (>1,000 μg/L). This study further develops our understanding of the physiological ecology of the early life stages of Z. marina and provides data that could prove helpful in the development of successful eelgrass restoration and conservation.     

Motion Analysis and Trials of the Deep Sea Hybrid Underwater Glider Petrel-II

A hybrid underwater glider Petrel-II has been developed and field tested. It is equipped with an active buoyancy unit and a compact propeller unit. Its working modes have been expanded to buoyancy driven gliding and propeller driven level-flight, which can make the glider work in strong currents, as well as many other complicated ocean environments. Its maximal gliding speed reaches 1 knot and the propelling speed is up to 3 knots. In this paper, a 3D dynamic model of Petrel-II is derived using linear momentum and angular momentum equations. According to the dynamic model, the spiral motion in the underwater space is simulated for the gliding mode. Similarly the cycle motion on water surface and the depth-keeping motion underwater are simulated for the level-flight mode. These simulations are important to the performance analysis and parameter optimization for the Petrel-II underwater glider. The simulation results show a good agreement with field trials.