长江中游四湖流域湖泊变迁与湖区土壤空间格局的关联分析

分析了20世纪20年代以来长江中游四湖流域湖泊阶段性变化特征,并结合湖区土壤空间分布数据,重点探讨现代土壤空间格局与湖泊的阶段性变化是否存在关联。研究结果表明,从20世纪20年代至今,江汉平原四湖流域湖泊经历了由扩大到缩小至稳定的阶段性变化过程;通过湖泊变迁序列与湖区土壤格局的综合分析,发现四湖流域湖泊变化范围内的土壤空间分异与20世纪20年代以来湖泊变化历程具有密切关系。20世纪20年代以来,四湖流域湖泊变化范围集中分布了全流域67%以上的潜育型水稻土和沼泽型水稻土;在四湖流域自20世纪40年代起的湖泊萎缩阶段,湖泊变化时间距今愈近,相应湖泊变化范围中沼泽型水稻土和潜育型水稻土面积比例愈大,淹育型水稻土和潴育型水稻土面积比例则愈小。在湖泊变化不同时间组合所对应的空间范围中,各类型水稻土所占面积比例随时间变化而表现的规律性,在一定程度表现出人为耕作及土壤性质改良对土壤性质转变的影响作用;而根据沼泽型水稻土转变速率的空间差异性,可推测湖区脱沼泽过程与地形地貌分异相关。     

九江堤防塑料排水板软基处理施工技术

塑料排水板在海堤、公路、码头、水闸等软基加固工程中应用较广,塑料排水板处理软地基,是用塑料排水板将地基中的水排除,以增加作用于土颗粒的有效应力来加速地基固结沉降,达到提高强度的目的。在九江市日元贷款城市防洪工程八里湖大堤软基处理中成功应用了塑料排水板施工技术,结合该工程实例。介绍了塑料排水板施工工艺。     

Acid drainage generation and associated Ca-Fe-SO4 minerals in a periglacial environment, Eagle Plains, Northern Yukon, Canada: A potential analogue for low-temperature sulfate formation on Mars

Near Eagle Plains, northern Yukon, Canada, acidic Ca-Fe-Mg sulfate waters are discharging year-long from disturbed permafrosted sandstone bedrock overlying pyritiferous black shales. These acidic waters are precipitating gypsum with minor amounts of jarosite-K (Na), schwertmannite and hematite. This mineral assemblage is similar to that observed at Meridiani Planum (and other location on Mars), making this site a valuable analogue for low-temperature sulfate geochemistry and mineral formation on Mars. Stable O-S isotope analysis of the acidic waters near Eagle Plains revealed that the oxygen in the dissolved sulfate is mostly derived from water (ca. 70%), suggesting that the sulfide oxidation process could be in part biomediated (i.e., accelerated by acidophilic Fe-oxidizing bacteria). However, unlike the dissolved sulfate in the waters, the formation of the Ca-Fe-SO₄ minerals appears to be purely abiotic. The stable O-S isotope composition of the sulfate minerals is well within the predicted equilibrium range at low temperature, suggesting that they formed through physico-chemical processes (i.e., evaporation or freezing). Low-temperature geochemical modeling with FREZCHEM and PHREEQC suggests that the mineral assemblage at Eagle Plains precipitated mainly through the freezing of Ca-Fe-Mg-SO₄ acidic waters, rather than through evaporation during the dry summer season, although the latter is still possible. This suggests that the sulfate mineral assemblage observed on Mars could have also formed under a periglacial-type climate. Considering that the active layer in the zone affected by acid drainage does not freeze-over during winter, the residual talik offers a localized niche environment to support acidophilic microorganisms. Overall, the fact that acid drainage is presently active near Eagle Plains allows the direct observation of the low-temperature geochemical processes responsible for generating acid drainage conditions and precipitation of gypsum, schwertmannite, jarosite-K, jarosite-Na, goethite and hematite.     

农田排水沟渠的环境效应与生态功能综述

农田排水沟渠作为农业景观中重要的景观单元,能够调节农田生态系统水分平衡,改变流域水文情势。农田养分可以随排水过程迅速流失,也可以通过沉淀与吸附机制被农田沟渠所截留或者通过植物吸收后收割与反硝化去除等机制脱离农田生态系统。作为农田生态系统边缘的交错带,农田排水沟渠较高的植物多样性可以提供动物栖息地和避难场所,增加农田生态系统生物多样性。清淤、收割和控制排水等管理措施对于农田排水沟渠的环境效应和生态服务功能有着不同的影响。今后应加强从多个学科研究农田排水沟渠的环境效应和生态功能,探索生态排水沟渠的构建和管理技术,实现农田排水沟渠水利功能和生态功能的"双赢"。     

武所屯煤矿12煤老空积水区水文地质参数研究

通过该矿12煤老空积水的疏放试验,选取相应的数学模型,计算了太原组12煤老空积水区的水文地质参数——渗透系数、充水系数;为滕北矿区类似条件下的老空积水疏放提供了理论依据。根据试验提出了利用集水廊道原理,扩大钻孔涌水量,节约工程费用,提高疏放效率的工程设计方法。     

青藏高原东部金沙江流域盆地陆地风化特征

青藏高原东部金沙江流域是研究高原隆升与陆地风化的理想地区。本文通过对金沙江河流系统的取样,从河流溶质载荷主要离子和悬浮载荷粘土矿物等方面揭示青藏高原东部金沙江流域盆地陆地风化特征。研究表明,金沙江流域盆地陆地岩石风化主要是碳酸盐岩、蒸发盐岩和硅酸盐岩。利用S i、S i/TZ+*、S i/Na*+K和S i/K以及(Na*+K)/TZ+等5个指标结合流域区域岩石分布和土壤特征揭示出流域硅酸盐岩为浅表性初级风化,风化产物主要是富含阳离子的次生粘土矿物。     

淮南刘庄煤矿定向水平井施工技术研究

刘庄煤矿的定向水平井,为首采工作面的沿煤层定向水平瓦斯抽排井,成井总进尺为1116.60m,终孔直径215.9mm。根据淮南矿区13-1煤层开采显现的三带岩移规律和瓦斯抽放效果的具体分析,该抽排井水平段的设计位置在内错风巷30m和13-1煤层顶板之上25m左右,基本上按照13-1煤层的走向延伸。施工后的实际结果为:水平方向,水平段内错上风巷最小19.88m,最大34.98m;垂直方向,水平段距13-1煤顶板最小距离20.79m,最大距离26.8m;与设计目标基本一致,后期瓦斯抽放效果良好。从介绍该井的井身结构和剖面设计入手,着重对该井在施工过程中的钻具组合、钻探施工、下管固井技术和定向技术进行了详细的说明,最后分析了该定向水平井施工技术取得的主要成效。     

Comparison of catchment and network delineation approaches in complex suburban environments: application to the Chaudanne catchment,France

Suburban areas are subject to strong anthropogenic modifications, which can influence hydrological processes. Sewer systems, ditches, sewer overflow devices and retention basins are introduced and large surface areas are sealed off. The knowledge of accurate flow paths and watershed boundaries in these suburban areas is important for storm water management, hydrological modelling and hydrological data analysis. This study proposes a new method for the determination of the drainage network based on time efficient field investigations and integration of sewer system maps into the drainage network for small catchments of up to 10 km². A new method is also proposed for the delineation of subcatchments and thus the catchment area. The subcatchments are delineated using a combination of an object‐oriented approach in the urban zone and geographical information system–based terrain analysis with flow direction forcing in the rural zone. The method is applied to the Chaudanne catchment, which belongs to the Yzeron river network and is located in the suburban area of Lyon, France. The resulting subcatchment map gives information about subcatchment response and contribution. The method is compared with six other automatic catchment delineation methods based on stream burning, flow direction forcing and calculation of subcatchments for inlet points. None of the automatic methods could correctly represent the catchment area and flow paths observed in the field. The watershed area calculated with these methods differs by as much as 25% from the area computed with the new method. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A study on one‐dimensional consolidation of layered structured soils

The governing equations for one‐dimensional consolidation of layered structured soils under time‐dependent loading are established. Using simplified k‐σ′ and m_v‐σ′ models, n‐layered structured soils are transformed into (n + 1) or (n + 2)‐layered soils in which the thickness of upper and lower layers are gradually changing. The approximate solutions for the governing equations are then obtained under two types of boundary conditions, and the computer program is developed. Based on the solutions and computer program, the consolidation behavior of layered structured soils with soft interlayer is studied. It is shown that the permeability and compressibility of the soft interlayer have the greatest influences on the rate of settlement and rate of the dissipation of excess pore water pressure. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Understanding salt mobilization from an irrigated catchment in south‐eastern Australia

Groundwater discharge from the Riverine Plains of the southern Murray‐Darling Basin is a major process contributing salt to the Murray River in Australia. In this study, data from an irrigated 60 000 ha catchment in the Riverine Plains were analysed to understand groundwater discharge into deeply incised drains, the process dominating salt mobilization from the catchment. We applied three integrated methodologies: classification and regression trees (CART), conceptual modelling and artificial neural networks (ANNs) to a comprehensive, spatially lumped, monthly data set from July 1975 to December 2004. Using CART analysis, it was shown that rainfall was the most important variable consistently explaining the salt load patterns at the catchment outlet. Using the conceptual model representing spatially lumped groundwater discharge into deeply incised drains, we demonstrated that salt mobilization from the study catchment can be well represented by a rainfall contribution, influenced by the hydraulic head in the deep regional aquifer and potential evapotranspiration. Using ANNs, it was confirmed that rainfall had a much higher impact on salt loads at the catchment outlet than irrigation water use. All these results demonstrate that under conditions similar to those experienced from 1975 to 2004, it is rainfall rather than irrigation water use that governs salt mobilization from the study catchment. Management of salt mobilization from irrigated catchments has traditionally focussed on the improvement of irrigation practices but it could be equally important to further understand the scope for management to control groundwater discharge in these irrigation areas. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.