Heavy metals in some New Zealand commercial sea fishes

To establish a base line against which future pollution may be measured, eight common commercial species of New Zealand sea fish were analysed for cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, and zinc. One sample of edible muscle tissue was analysed for each of 70 samples of each species. The internal organs of up to five specimens of each species were also analysed. The fish studied were: kahawai, Arripis trutta, trevally, Caranx lutescens, tarakihi, Cheilodactylis macropterus, snapper, Chrysophrys auratus, moki, Latridopsis ciliaris, hapuku, Polyprion oxygeneios, kingfish, Seriola grandis and gurnard, Trigla kumu.

Although, none of the edible parts of the fish appeared to have trace element levels likely to be a public health problem (cadmium 0.002–0.02 ppm, chromium 0.01–0.04 ppm, copper 0.04–0.95 ppm, iron 0.9–13.5 ppm, lead ‘ 0.14–0.95 ppm, manganese 0.04–2.00 ppm, nickel 0.01–0.08 ppm, zinc 2.0–36.0 ppm), some of the organs (particularly the liver) had relatively high concentrations of elements such as cadmium (up to 54 ppm). Only if some industry were to seek to exploit internal organs of fish for human consumption would such levels become important. There was some evidence for a relationship between trace element concentrations and fish size for copper in kingfish and snapper, iron in hapuku, manganese in gurnard, and for zinc in kingfish and tarakihi. Some element pairs such as copper and zinc, iron and manganese, appeared to have concentrations which were mutually related. It was assumed that the elemental concentrations reported represent natural levels and are not the result of significant man‐made pollution because there are no major industries or large urban centres adjacent to the fishing grounds.     

Bathymetric segregation of sea urchins on reefs of the Canarian Archipelago: Role of flow-induced forces

We examined whether adults of three species of sea urchins species (Diadema antillarum, Arbacia lixula, and Paracentrotus lividus) exhibit a consistent depth-dependent partitioning pattern on rocky reefs of the Canarian Archipelago (eastern Atlantic). Hydrodynamic experiments were carried out to quantify the resistance to flow-induced dislodgement in these three species. We tested the model that different morphology can result in habitat partitioning among these sea urchins. Abundances of D. antillarum increased with depth. In contrast, A. lixula and P. lividus showed the opposite zonation pattern, coexisting in high abundances in the shallowest depths (<5 m), and occurring in low densities in the deepest part of reefs (>7 m). Both A. lixula and P. lividus had greater adhesion-surface to body-height ratios than D. antillarum. Similarly, A. lixula and P. lividus showed a greater ability to resist flow-induced dislodgement compared with D. antillarum. The mean “velocity of dislodgement” was 300% and 50% greater for A. lixula and P. lividus, respectively, relative to D. antillarum, for any particular size. As a result, A. lixula and P. lividus are better fitted to life in high-flow environments than D. antillarum. We conclude that the risk of dislodgement by water motion likely play a relevant role in the vertical distribution patterns of these sea urchins in the eastern Atlantic.     

Relict sand wedges in soliflucted London Clay at Wimbledon, London, UK

Exposures on Wimbledon Hill, SW London, in the Palaeogene London Clay Formation, are described. The 3° slopes are mantled by clayey solifluction (head) deposits, comprising two superimposed sheets, each around 1.2 m thick. The lower sheet exhibits relict sand wedges forming polygons 1.0-1.5 m across, up to 50 mm wide and 1.25 m deep. These have no surface expression. The wedges are sand-filled and modify significantly the hydrogeology and properties of the solifluction mantle. There are no sand wedges in the upper solifluction sheet.The mechanics of emplacement of the lower solifluction sheet are explored and the high initial water content estimated. Subsequent desiccation and consolidation have reduced the thickness of this sheet by at least 35%, thus distorting contained features such as the wedges. An active layer about 0.4 m thick is inferred to have formed in the top of the lower solifluction sheet. No direct dating was undertaken but, by analogy with relevant dated sites in southern Britain and the Netherlands it is inferred that the lower solifluction sheet was emplaced during the first part of the Loch Lomond Stadial and frost-cracked during a subsequent, colder and more arid part. On this basis, following filling of the cracks by sand, emplacement of the upper solifluction sheet would have occurred in the later part of the Loch Lomond Stadial.     

水平长导线源瞬变电磁三维积分方程模拟

以体积分方程法模拟三维电磁正演问题的原理为基础,利用数值滤波方法实现了时间域水平长导线源的瞬变电磁三维问题的模拟,对电阻率、极化率、时间常数和频率相关系数的变化分别进行了三维数值模拟。为了提高计算的精度,变换过程中采用双精度数值滤波方法。利用偶极源的解析解和数值解的对比来检验数值滤波方法的可靠性。数值模拟结果表明,此种数值滤波方法精度高,结果稳定。高精度数值滤波结果为瞬变电磁法在石油、矿产、地热以及其他方面的应用提供了理论指导。     

水下物体磁探测线间距的影响因素

建立合理水下小目标磁探测线间距需以定量分析各种因素对其影响为基础。将水下小目标的磁场模型视为磁偶极子,建立水下小目标的磁场空间衰减规律。根据水下目标磁探测的原理及其工作背景,对目标磁距大小、仪器信噪比、地磁变化、日变影响、测船的定位误差等因素进行综合分析,得出磁力仪在探测某一已知物时的测线间距计算公式。     

灌注桩后注浆单桩竖向极限承载力研究

近年来,后注浆技术得到了广泛的应用。钻孔灌注桩可大大降低建筑物的沉降,并使建筑物的沉降更加均匀,文章介绍后注浆工艺的承载力提高机理及在天津地区的几个工程实例,分析了注浆前后单桩竖向极限承载力对比情况及影响单桩竖向极限承载力的几个因素。     

极震区岩体地震动力破坏研究体系框架浅析

极震区岩体地震动力破坏是造成极震区严重的地震地质灾害和次生灾害的根本原因。汶川地震中因此而导致的交通工程结构损坏、中断和次生崩滑流、堰塞湖等地质灾害,不仅加剧了灾害损失,并给震后的灾区恢复重建和对外交通遗留了较多的安全隐患。从岩体稳定、山体稳定和区域稳定的层次,分别对有关极震区岩体地震动力破坏的主要研究成果进行了系统总结,分析了其现状和存在的问题。结合对研究思路和方法论的讨论,构建了极震区岩体地震动力破坏研究的体系框架,提出了极震区岩体地震动力破坏研究的主要内容和方向,以期明晰概念,理清思路,为有关问题的深入研究提供有益的参考。     

云南昌宁文沧铜矿矿床特征及找矿思路

矿体产于平掌组变质绿片岩中,NW向F3断裂破碎带控矿。边缘向中央品位增高。研究构造延伸和矿源可扩大远景。     

攀钢新基地欠固结土层旋挖桩负摩阻力试验

攀钢新基地工程区80%为"昔格达"土回填区,回填土将对桩产生负摩阻力。现场负摩阻力试验表明:回填土上部在堆载情况下会有较大的固结沉降,从而使桩基产生负摩阻力。     

云南武定荒箐铁铜多金属矿矿床成因

矿床产于断层破碎带中,受断层和地层层位控制,与迤纳厂矿床具有一定的相似性。铁矿为中低温热液裂隙充填型脉状矿床,而铜矿床应为沉积——变质型。