一次暴雨过程中GPS三维层析水汽场的变化特征

在已有的全球导航卫星系统水汽反演技术中,能够利用的观测值是完整穿过整个层析区域的卫星射线。由于卫星、接收机几何位置分布以及层析区域选择的特定性,许多卫星射线是从层析区域侧面穿出,这些射线通常当作无效信息被剔除,降低了层析结果的精度。针对该缺点,提出并实现了一种附加辅助层析区域提高射线利用率的水汽反演方法,使从研究区域侧面穿出的信号信息也可以被利用。基于美国得克萨斯州（Texas）地区的连续运行参考站（Continuously Operation Reference Stations,CORS）网的实测数据,结合层析区域内的无线电探空仪数据进行实验,结果表明,该方法能够提高水汽反演结果的精度,其均方根误差的改善率为14.6%。     

近42 年来青藏高原年内降水时空不均匀性特征分析

根据青藏高原1967-2008 年逐日站点降水资料,定义了高原降水集中度(PCD) 和集中期(PCP)。并运用EOF、相关分析等方法分析高原PCD和PCP的时空分布特征、PCD与高原强降水的关系以及PCP前期强影响信号。结果表明：高原大部分地区PCD处于0.4~0.8 之间,PCP则处于36~41 候之间。高原PCD以全区一致型的空间分布为主;而PCP 则以南北反向型分布为主,全区一致型分布次之。整个高原PCD均呈减弱趋势,而PCP均表现为提前特征。除高原南侧个别地区,高原PCD 无论与高原强降水日数还是强降水量均呈显著正相关。同时,高原南北部PCP对应的水汽输送存在显著差异, 高原南部PCP主要受孟加拉湾季风爆发的影响。     

塔里木河下游植物调查最小取样面积分析

采用巢式样方法,对塔里木河下游两个断面6条样带38块64 m×64 m样地进行调查,选用线性和非线性种-面积模型,对调查区不同比例因子植物调查最小取样面积、最小取样面积与不同地下水条件的关系进行了分析。根据种-面积曲线的最优模型,当比例因子取值包括群落50%、60%、70%、80%和90%的植物种类时,最小调查样地面积分别为418 m2、707 m2、1 138 m2、1 702 m2和2 656 m2;随着离河距离增加,物种数减少,植物的生长势降低。当比例因子取值包括群落50%植物种类、地下水埋深由离河50 m的1.57 m到离河1 500 m的7.53 m变化时,离河不同距离各级最小取样面积变化较大,地下水条件是植物种类调查最小取样面积变化的关键因素。     

城市地震地质灾害及其预测问题初论

活动断层避让是活动断层探测走向减灾应用的最后“1公里”,也是地震链生灾害风险源的阻断技术。地震现场考察和实验研究表明,只要离开活动断层迹线一定的有限距离就能够保证建(构)筑物免遭活动断层同震破裂和错动引起的灾难性毁坏。因此,活动断层的避让工作是活动断层探测和准确定位的最终目标之一。从活动断层避让相关定义和术语出发,系统论述不同类型活动断层地震破裂局部化宽度特征、倾滑断层地表破裂/灾害的上盘效应及其同震破裂和错动对建(构)筑物的剪切和撕裂作用控制了毁坏带空间展布等特征,这些特征构成了活动断层避让理论;在此基础上着重讨论了活动断层避让标准的适用范围、活动断层管制区划定依据和范围,建设场址区避让活动断层所需的定位精度要求,活动断层管制区内一般建(构)筑物避让活动断层距离基本值(D₀),可以作为近于直立走滑断层和倾滑断层下盘避让的最小距离;倾滑断层中倾角约60°正断层上盘的避让距离为避让距离基本值(D₀)的2倍左右,而倾角约为30°的逆断层上盘避让距离为避让距离基本值(D₀)的3~4倍;特殊建(构)筑物有别于一般建(构)筑物,它们的安全直接影响到社会安定和国家的兴衰,因此,专门给出了分类避让距离,保证这些建(构)筑物在地震期间不会引发严重的次生灾害;最后简明扼要地介绍了国内外活动断层避让的相关法律法规和避让实例。活动断层避让作为一种科学有效的地震灾害阻断技术,不仅可以有效地解决建(构)筑物的抗断问题：如何避让？避让多少？还可为保障国家经济社会可持续发展和“一带一路”基础设施建设的地震安全提供创新性技术支撑。

     

我国南方冬季低温雨雪冰冻事件的大气扰动信号分析

利用中国549个站点的温度和降水资料确定了1960～2008年发生在我国南方冬季的23次低温雨雪冰冻事件。对全球大气变量再分析资料做物理分解得到天气尺度扰动分量用于这些事件的早期信号分析。结果表明,在低温事件发生时,南方地区上空300 hPa对应有最大负高度扰动,850 hPa有负温度扰动。这些扰动的传播特性可以作为低温事件发生的早期信号。在低温雨雪站日数大于10的11次事件中,它们的扰动信号平均可提前11.2天追踪到。     

A Quantitative Method for Active Fault Migration Distance Assessment on both Sides of Mid-Ocean Ridges—Based on Multi-Beam Data

Fracture-fissure systems found at mid-ocean ridges are dominating conduits for the circulation of metallogenic fluid. Ascertaining the distribution area of active faults on both sides of mid-ocean ridges will provide a useful tool in the search for potential hydrothermal vents, thus guiding the exploration of modern seafloor sulfides. Considering the Mid-Atlantic Ridge 20°N–24°N (NMAR) and North Chile Rise (NCR) as examples, fault elements such as Fault Spacing (?S) and Fault Heave (?X) can be identified and quantitatively measured. The methods used include Fourier filtering of the multi-beam bathymetry data, in combination with measurements of the topographic slope, curvature, and slope aspect patterns. According to the Sequential Faulting Model of mid-ocean ridges, the maximal migration distance of an active fault on either side of mid-ocean ridges—that is, the distribution range of active faults—can be measured. Results show that the maximal migration distance of active faults at the NMAR is 0.76–1.01 km (the distance is larger at the center than at the ends of this segment), and at the NCR, the distribution range of active faults is 0.38–1.6 km. The migration distance of active faults on the two study areas is positively related to the axial variation of magma supply. In the NCR study area, where there is an abundant magma input, the number of faults within a certain distance is mainly affected by the variation of lithospheric thickness. Here a large range of faulting clearly corresponds to a high proportion of magmatism to seafloor spreading near mid-ocean ridges (M) value, and in the study area of the NMAR, there is insufficient magmatism, and the number of faults may be controlled by both lithospheric thickness and magma supply, leading to a less obvious positive correlation between the distribution range of active faults and M.     

Modeling Near-Surface Air Temperature From Solar Radiation and Lapse Rate: New Development on Short-Term Monthly and Daily Approach

Short-term monthly mean temperature (T_m ) and short-term daily mean temperature (T_d ) rather than long-term monthly and daily mean temperature (T_m and T_d ) are preferred for some ecosystem studies such as carbon source and sink, pine beetle mortality, and snow melting. The recent progress of modeling T_m and T_d (based on the previous work on T_m ) supported by climatologically aided interpolation (CAI) is reported over the mountainous Yellowstone National Park. With the spatial scale of a 30 m digital elevation model (DEM), the slope, aspect, and shadows cast by surrounding topography, which could not be well captured by very coarse DEM, could be taken into account. Data from 12 months (Jan-Dec 2008) and 12 dates (25 Jan-Dec 2008) were used to demonstrate the approach. Inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolations of limited temperature anomalies were adopted to represent the deviations from normality. T_m , as a preexisting climatology surface, was added to deviations in order to model T_m . Linear temporal interpolation of adjacent T_m was used to create a climatology surface, which was then added to deviations in order to model T_d . Results show the mean absolute errors (MAEs) for T_m ranged from 0.75° C to 1.78° C, while the MAEs for T_d ranged from 1.14° C to 2.02° C. The four factors of elevation, seasonal change of lapse rate, temperature difference caused by variation in solar radiation, and preexisting climatology surface for the CAI approach were comprehensively considered in this approach.     

利用偏度平衡自动提取机载LiDAR点云城区道路

针对机载LiDAR点云提取城区道路自动化程度低以及提取道路网不完整的问题,提出一种基于偏度平衡算法自动提取城区道路的方法。首先,计算末次回波点云中邻近点的坡度,依据城市道路设计标准选择坡度阈值,分离非地面点并获得初始道路点云;然后,利用偏度平衡算法计算出最优强度阈值,滤除非道路点,再结合道路与停车场的空间位置关系,通过点距精化初始道路点云;最后,对道路区域进行细化和平滑,得到道路中心线。通过定量分析及对比实验,该方法能够自动地从LiDAR点云中提取出较为完整的道路网。     

基于Kriging方法的空间数据插值研究

介绍了Kriging插值方法及其实质,提出一种变异函数理论模型参数估计的新方法,给出变异函数理论模型有效性评定的统计指标,并通过算例予以验证。最后,通过实例与反距离加权法相比较,证实Kriging插值的优越性。     

基于面向对象数据模型的地理实体距离度量关系分析方法

距离度量关系分析是GIS空间分析的重要组成部分。本文在传统的距离度量分析方法数学描述基础上,引入面向对象数据模型,将地理实体抽象为空间对象,用空间对象代替几何元素,给出了基于面向对象数据模型的地理实体距离度量关系分析方法的数学描述以及算法的实现过程。