Applying discontinuous deformation analysis to assess the constrained area of the unstable Chiu‐fen‐erh‐shan landslide slope

Chiu‐fen‐erh‐shan landslide is a remarkable slope failure occurred during the Chi‐Chi earthquake in 1999. In November of 2002, abnormal geomorphologic features, including buckling and ground subsidence, were observed on the lower slope of the Chiu‐fen‐erh‐shan landslide. This study attempts to assess the constrained area of a future collapsing on the slope using a dynamic discrete numerical analysis method, discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA). The simulation results show that the depression in front of the toe of the slope provides a space for arresting the whole sliding rocks when only the unstable lower slope fails. However, as the whole slope slides, the rock fragments move farther into the memorial park and can impact other facilities resulting in the enlarging of constrained area. The authority should prohibit people from entrancing the constrained area in the rainy season. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

有缝重力坝动力非线性数值计算模型及其应用

对于有缝重力坝的分析，基于连续介质力学的界面单元-有限元方法难于比较精确地模拟缝间的接触应力，从而无法合理地估算坝体应力与变形。作者对于多体系统和分区连续介质所发展的非连续变形计算力学模型能够根据接触界面的本构特性及其力学和运动学约束条件精确地再现受力过程中界面相互作用力的传递与非连续变形状态，本文将其应用于有缝重力坝的动力分析。实例数值分析表明该模型的计算结果从定性上讲是合理的，并且为判断坝体缝隙的工作状态与界面应力提供了有力的依据。     

利用GPS资料采用非连续变形分析模型确定中国大陆地壳运动速度场

利用近10年来我国先后建立的多个大规模高精度GPS地壳形变监测网资料，科学合理地计算出各GPS站点的速度值。采用球面非连续变形分析（DDA）模型，以GPS观测得到的速度值为约束，拟合出了中国大陆现今地壳运动的速度场。它不仅客观地描述了地壳运动的刚性成分，也客观地描述了块体内部的变形，并且具有物理意义。该速度场模型较地质构造速度模型，离散点速度模型，刚体转运速度模型，配置拟合速度模型等有明显的优越性。     

Non‐linear response analyses of rectangular rigid bodies subjected to horizontal and vertical ground motion

This investigation deals with non‐linear seismic responses of free‐standing rectangular rigid bodies on horizontally and vertically accelerating rigid foundations. The responses are classified into two initial responses and four subsequent responses, accordingly the equations of motion governing the liftoff, slip and liftoff–slip interaction motions and boundary conditions corresponding to commencement and termination of the motions are defined. The time histories of responses presented herein show that the body is sensitive to small changes in the friction coefficient and slenderness, and to the wave properties and intensity of ground motions. Systematic trends are observed: the bodies on the low‐grip foundation avoid overturning while they are allowed to slip regardless of details of ground motions; the long period earthquakes tend to make the body overturn and slip largely. In contrast, the timing when liftoff and slip commences and terminates and their directions do not directly correspond with intensity of ground motions. Moreover, the vertical ground motion adds irregularities on the responses, since it excites or damps the responses. It is concluded that governing equations of motion and boundary conditions in view of discontinuous non‐linear systems are necessary to analyse actual motions of the rectangular rigid bodies subjected to horizontal and vertical ground motion. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

岩石破坏非连续变形分析弹脆性本构模型的二次开发

岩石非连续变形分析方法DDARF成功实现了模拟岩体裂纹萌生、扩展、贯通、破碎的全过程,但算法只考虑了岩体的线弹性本构模型,没有分析岩体的非线性应力-应变关系。为更符合真实岩体工程,同时扩展岩石非线性本构模型的应用范围,分别采用摩尔-库仑强度准则和最大拉应力强度准则对岩体进行剪切和拉伸破坏判断;对理想弹脆性本构模型进行算法分析,并在VC++平台下程序实现;对“自定义”的岩体非连续变形分析方法弹脆性本构模型与室内单轴压缩试验进行比较分析;将岩体非连续变形分析方法弹脆性本构模型应用于大型地下洞室开挖,并与线弹性本构模型进行对比。结果表明,非连续变形分析方法中自定义岩体弹脆性本构模型是可行的,它能够反映岩体变形的非线性特征,与室内试验吻合度较好;非连续变形分析方法弹脆性本构模型应用于大型地下工程,能更安全且真实地分析洞室围岩的稳定性,进而更好地指导地下洞室的防护措施。     

Site response analysis with two‐dimensional numerical discontinuous deformation analysis method

The capability of the numerical discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) method to perform site response analysis is tested. We begin with modeling one‐dimensional shear wave propagation through a stack of horizontal layers and compare the obtained resonance frequency and amplification with results obtained with SHAKE. We use the algorithmic damping in DDA to condition the damping ratio in DDA by changing the time step size and use the same damping ratio in SHAKE to enable meaningful comparisons. We obtain a good agreement between DDA and SHAKE, even though DDA is used with first order approximation and with simply deformable blocks, proving that the original DDA formulation is suitable for modeling one‐dimensional wave propagation problems. The ability of DDA to simulate wave propagation through structures is tested by comparing the resonance frequency obtained for a multidrum column when modeling it with DDA and testing it in the field using geophysical site response survey. When the numerical control parameters are properly selected, we obtain a reasonable agreement between DDA and the site response experiment in the field. We find that the choice of the contact spring stiffness, or the numerical penalty parameter, is directly related to the obtained resonance frequency in DDA. The best agreement with the field experiment is obtained with a relatively soft contact spring stiffness of k = (1/25)(E × L) where E and L are the Young's modulus and mean diameter of the drums in the tested column. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

养分含量对土壤冻融特征曲线的影响

土壤冻融特征曲线是反映土壤冻融过程中的水、热、盐迁移规律以及冻土强度、冻土的热性质的重要参数. 为了研究土壤冻融过程中土壤养分的迁移规律, 采用核磁共振法对加入不同浓度的硫酸铵溶液、磷酸二氢钾溶液和氯化钾溶液的土样的冻融特征曲线进行了测定和分析. 结果表明磷酸二氢钾溶液对土壤的冻融特征曲线影响不明显, 氯化钾溶液的影响最明显, 硫酸铵溶液的影响次之. 加入氯化钾溶液的部分试样, 以及加入硫酸铵溶液的部分试样的冻融特征曲线出现了二次突变点. 滞后现象普遍存在于各个试样的冻融特征曲线中, 滞后明显区间所处的温度范围随所加入的溶液浓度的增高而降低. 当加入试样的溶液浓度相同时, 加入氯化钾溶液的滞后明显区间所处的温度范围最低, 加入硫酸铵溶液的次之, 加入磷酸二氢钾溶液的最高.     

非连续变形分析（DDA）线性方程组的高效求解算法

非连续变形分析(DDA)方法对大规模工程问题的数值模拟耗时太长,其中线性方程组求解耗时可占总计算时间的70%以上,因此,高效的线性方程组解法是重要研究课题。首先,阐述了适用于DDA方法的基于块的行压缩法和基于试验-误差迭代格式的非0位置记录;然后,针对DDA的子矩阵技术,将块雅可比迭代法 (BJ)、预处理的块共轭梯度法 (PCG,包括Jacobi-PCG、SSOR-PCG) 引入DDA方法,重点研究了线性方程组求解过程中的关键运算;最后,通过两个洞室开挖算例,分析了各线性方程组求解算法在DDA中的计算效率。研究表明：与迭代法相比,直解法无法满足大规模工程计算需要;BJ迭代法与块超松弛迭代法(BSOR)的效率差别不大,但明显不如PCG迭代法。因此,建议采用PCG迭代法求解DDA线性方程组,特别是SSOR-PCG值得推广;如果开展并行计算研究,Jacobi-PCG是较好的选择,当刚度矩阵惯性优势明显时,BJ迭代法同样有效。     

水平集和无网格耦合法在裂纹扩展中的应用

提出了一种模拟裂纹扩展的水平集和无网格耦合方法。由于水平集和无网格方法都是建立在离散节点上,因而可以很自然地实现耦合。在该方法中,两个在裂尖处相互正交的水平集不仅用于描述裂纹的几何形态和裂尖位置,而且用于建立无网格伽辽金法（简称EFGM）不连续近似函数中的Heaviside跳跃项和裂尖处的Westergaard扩展项。当裂纹扩展时,则由水平集更新算法确定新裂纹的位置。水平集和无网格耦合法无需使用可视法、衍射法或透明法,克服了这些方法在裂尖处人为引入的不连续且能很好地再生 奇异场;而且节点影响域不受裂纹线切割的影响,在计算中往往使用较小的影响域,保持了整体刚度矩阵的带状、稀疏性;另外,水平集简化了扩展节点的选取和附加函数的建立,其更新过程无需求解演化方程,实现简单且易于编程。数值算例表明本文方法具有较高的计算精度,其模拟的裂纹扩展路径与试验结果吻合得很好,从而验证了本文方法的正确性和可行性。     

加锚节理岩体的复合单元法研究

加锚节理岩体有着复杂的细部结构和力学行为,常规的数值模型很难满足模拟这种力学行为的要求。进一步发展了笔者建立的加锚岩体的复合单元法,提出加锚节理岩体的复合单元法研究。在不考虑锚杆、节理等细部结构的情况下划分网格,分别定义了加锚岩体复合单元、不连续岩体复合单元和加锚节理岩体复合单元,并建立了其数值模型。同时,在复合单元中还定义了不同材料介质的子单元用来模拟加锚节理岩体内复杂的细部构造。对加锚节理复合单元法进行了理论推导和算例研究,通过与常规有限单元法计算结果的比较,表明了加锚节理岩体复合单元法的合理性,同时也突出体现了其前处理简便的优势。