Evaluation of remotely‐sensed DEMs and modification based on plausibility rules and initial sediment budgets of an artificially‐created catchment

To quantify landscape change resulting from processes of erosion and deposition and to establish spatially distributed sediment budgets, ‘models of change’ can be established from a time series of digital elevation models (DEMs). However, resolution effects and measurement errors in DEMs may propagate to these models. This study aimed to evaluate and to modify remotely‐sensed DEMs for an improved quantification of initial sediment mass changes in an artificially‐created catchment. DEMs were constructed from photogrammetry‐based, airborne (ALS) and ground‐based laser scanning (TLS) data. Regions of differing morphological characteristics and vegetation cover were delineated. Three‐dimensional (3D) models of volume change were established and mass change was derived from these models. DEMs were modified region‐by‐region for rill, interrill and alluvial areas, based on logical and hydro‐geomorphological principles. Additional DEMs were constructed by combining multi‐source, modified data. Models were evaluated by comparison with d‐GPS reference data and by considering sediment budget plausibility. Comprehensive evaluation showed that DEM usability depends on a relation between the technique used to obtain elevation data, surface morphology and vegetation cover characteristics. Photogrammetry‐based DEMs were suited to quantification of change in interrill areas but strongly underestimated surface lowering in erosion rills. TLS DEMs were best suited to rill areas, while ALS DEMs performed best in vegetation‐covered alluvial areas. Agreement with reference data and budget plausibility were improved by modifications to photogrammetry‐ and TLS‐based DEMs. Results suggest that artefacts in DEMs can be reduced and hydro‐geomorphic surface structures can be better represented by applying region‐specific modifications. Photogrammetry‐based DEMs can be improved by combining higher and lower resolution data in defined structural units and applying modifications based on principles given by characteristic hydro‐geomorphic evolution. Results of the critical comparative evaluation of remotely‐sensed elevation data can help to better interpret DEM‐based quantifications of earth‐surface processes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2007年宁洱6.4级地震序列精定位

Five mobile digital seismic stations were set up by the Earthquake Administration of Yunnan Province near the epicenter of the main shock after the Ning’er M6.4 earthquake on June 3, 2007. In this paper, the aftershock sequence of the Ning’er M6.4 earthquake is relocated by using the double difference earthquake location method. The data is from the 5 mobile digital seismic stations and the permanent Simao seismic station. The results show that the length of the aftershock sequence is 40km and the width is 30km, concentrated obviously at the lateral displacement area between the Pu’er fault and the NNE-trending faults, with the majority occurring on the Pu’er fault around the main shock. The depths of aftershocks are from 2km to 12km, and the predominant distribution is in the depth of 8～10km. The mean depth is 7.9km. The seismic fault dips to the northwest revealed from the profile parallel to this aftershock sequence, which is identical to the dip of the secondary fault of the NE-trending Menglian-Mojiang fault in the earthquake area. There are more earthquakes concentrated in the northwest segment than in the southeast segment, which is perhaps related to the underground medium and faults. The depth profile of the earthquake sequence shows that the relocated earthquakes are mainly located near the Pu’er fault and the seismic faults dip to the southwest, consistent with the dip of the west branch of the Pu’er fault. In all, the fault strike revealed by earthquake relocations matches well with the strike in the focal mechanism solutions. The main shock is in the top of the aftershock sequence and the aftershocks are symmetrically distributed, showing that faulting was complete in both the NE and SW directions.     

多极距地电阻率观测系统的分布式电极控制器研制

详述数字电极的系统构成、电路结构、通信协议和其他关键技术。该系统的通信网络结构基于RS-485现场总线,通过环境测试和台站试验,发现数字电极技术适用于多极距电阻率系统。     

利用地震复发周期考察汶川8．0级地震前兆异常

通过对汶川Ms8．0地震复发周期的时间和空间进行扫描,发现地震发生前,在时间上和空间上,地震复发周期均出现低值异常。因此,对地震发生的时间和地区进行异常判断,地震复发周期是一个可以参考利用的指标。     

也谈地壳内第二深度空间石油、天然气的形成及勘探前景

在当前国内油气供需紧张的严峻形势下,开展"第二深度空间"的油气勘探"势在必行",也是"当务之急"."第二深度空间"的油气勘探需解决3个问题.一是油气无机成因的地球化学证据.原油、沥青、干酪根的Pb,Sr,Nd同位素示踪、原油中异常高含量的金属微量元素、原油中有机硅化合物的发现等均表明原油可以由无机反应而生成.二是油气无机成因论是可以指导油气勘探的.油气的分布与中地壳的低速、高导层的耦合表明有成因关系,中地壳的低速、高导层是油气的发生器,也是初始储层,据此可以对油气田进行预测.柴达木盆地昆北花岗岩油田的发现是一典型案例.三是"第二深度空间"的油气勘探需要地球物理方法和技术的支撑.目前第4代采集处理新理论、新方法业已提出.地球物理学家已经把深部勘探的新方法、新技术提到议事日程.总之,"第二深度空间"的油气勘探是有理论依据的,是可能的,是可操作的.发现大型、超大型油气田指日可待.     

稀少控制点异轨立体卫星影像区域网平差应用研究

结合PixelGrid软件应用,分析了异轨立体卫星影像区域网平差原理。在稀少控制点情况下,针对大范围高分辨率立体卫星遥感影像的区域网平差处理,提出了5种解决方案,并进行了实验分析,得出明确的结论。     

离散点数据自动绘制等深线方法探究

提出用反距离插值法将多波束离散数据点插值成规则格网DEM数据,再根据海图生产规范自动绘制不等间距相对光滑的DEM。将自动绘制的等深线与一般软件生成的等深线、海底地形图成果等深线进行比较分析得出：文中方法绘制的等深线相比以前有较大改善且更符合地形,可作为人工绘制的参考线。     

数字海图的成果质量评测系统研究

总结归纳了海图要素数据存在的主要质量问题,阐述了评测采用的方法和依据,建立了基于质量评测算子库的海图数据要素检测引擎,初步检测出了海图数据成果质量是否存在问题,存在哪些问题,存在问题的性质、数量、位置,通过对成果的总体质量进行分析评价,最终给出了海图数据成果质量分析检测报告。     

基于ADS40影像的海岛测图控制点需求分析

主要以ADS40数码影像资料为基础,针对典型海岛测区的控制点布设,制定不同的布点方案,通过空中三角测量作业及平差实验,比较各种方案的数字空中三角测量成果精度,论证得出最佳、最优的外业布点方案,为海岛的外业控制点布设提供指导及依据.     

0基于规则驱动的数字海图质量检测方法研究

将规则和规则库的原理和方法应用到了数字海图质量检测中,首先对数字海图质量规则的表示方法进行了介绍,在此基础上,对基于规则驱动的数字海图质量检测模型、流程和规则的定制进行了介绍,最后设计和构建了海图质量规则库的数据结构,分别对空间关系规则、属性约束规则描述表进行了定义和分析。