面向地貌学本源的数字地形分析研究进展与展望

数字地形分析(DTA)是地理信息科学(GIS)研究的热点.但是,当前基于数字高程模型(DEM)的数字地形分析在地貌学研究中存在重形态轻机理、重现象轻过程、重地上轻地下等问题,急需从单一的地貌形态分析,迈向面向成因、过程与机理等地貌学本源问题的研究转变.据此,本文系统梳理了面向地貌学本源的数字地形分析的相关研究现状,并从...     

我国卫星总云量与地面总云量分布的对比分析

根据国际卫星云气候学计划（ISCCP）的总云量和地面总云量资料,分析并讨论了两者在我国的空间分布和单站年变化中的相关性和差异性,对比了两种总云量的全国分布形势。结果指出,在总趋势大致相似的前提下,卫星总云量图能更好地揭示青藏高原、塔克拉玛干沙漠以及沿海地区的云气候特征。最后还就青藏高原总云量分布特点作了分析。     

基于工作流技术的社区管理系统的设计

分析了基于工作流技术管理系统软件的优势,阐述了数字社区的应用软件和工作流引擎整合的通用途径,并设计了一个基于工作流的应用系统。实验表明,结合知识库、规则库的应用软件可以极大地提升数字社区管理软件的应用水平。     

An optimized baseflow separation method for assessment of seasonal and spatial variability of baseflow and the driving factors

Baseflow is an important component of river or streamflow. It plays a vital role in water utilization and management. An improved Eckhardt recursive digital filter(IERDF) is proposed in this study. The key filter parameter and maximum baseflow index(BFImax) were estimated using the minimum smoothing method to improve baseflow estimation accuracy. The generally considered BFImax of 0.80, 0.50 and 0.25 according to the drainage basin's predominant geological characteristics often leads to significant errors in the regions that have complex subsurface and hydrologic conditions. The IERDF improved baseflow estimation accuracy by avoiding arbitrary parameter values. The proposed method was applied for baseflow separation in the upstream of Yitong River, a tributary of the Second Songhua River, and its performance was evaluated by comparing the results obtained using isotope-tracer data. The performance of IERDF was also compared with nine baseflow separation techniques belonging to filter, BFI and HYSEP methods. The IERDF was also applied for baseflow separation and calculation of rainfall infiltration recharge coefficient at different locations along the Second Songhua River's mainstream for the period 2000–2016. The results showed that the minimum smoothing method significantly improved BFImax estimation accuracy. The baseflow process line obtained using IEDRF method was consistent with that obtained using isotope 18 O. The IERDF estimated baseflow also showed stability and reliability when applied in the mainstream of the Second Songhua River. The BFI alone in the river showed an increase from the upstream to the downstream. The proportion of baseflow to total flow showed a decrease with time. The intra-annual variability of BFI was different at different locations of the river due to varying climatic conditions and subsurface characteristics. The highest BFI was observed at the middle reaches of the river in summer due to a water surplus from power generation. The research provided valuable information on baseflow characteristics and runoff mode determination, which can be used for water resources assessment and optimization of economic activity distribution in the region.     

Exploring the sensitivity of coastal inundation modelling to DEM vertical error

As sea level is projected to rise throughout the twenty-first century due to climate change, there is a need to ensure that sea level rise (SLR) models accurately and defensibly represent future flood inundation levels to allow for effective coastal zone management. Digital elevation models (DEMs) are integral to SLR modelling, but are subject to error, including in their vertical resolution. Error in DEMs leads to uncertainty in the output of SLR inundation models, which if not considered, may result in poor coastal management decisions. However, DEM error is not usually described in detail by DEM suppliers; commonly only the RMSE is reported. This research explores the impact of stated vertical error in delineating zones of inundation in two locations along the Devon, United Kingdom, coastline (Exe and Otter Estuaries). We explore the consequences of needing to make assumptions about the distribution of error in the absence of detailed error data using a 1 m, publically available composite DEM with a maximum RMSE of 0.15 m, typical of recent LiDAR-derived DEMs. We compare uncertainty using two methods (i) the NOAA inundation uncertainty mapping method which assumes a normal distribution of error and (ii) a hydrologically correct bathtub method where the DEM is uniformly perturbed between the upper and lower bounds of a 95% linear error in 500 Monte Carlo Simulations (HBM+MCS). The NOAA method produced a broader zone of uncertainty (an increase of 134.9% on the HBM+MCS method), which is particularly evident in the flatter topography of the upper estuaries. The HBM+MCS method generates a narrower band of uncertainty for these flatter areas, but very similar extents where shorelines are steeper. The differences in inundation extents produced by the methods relate to a number of underpinning assumptions, and particularly, how the stated RMSE is interpreted and used to represent error in a practical sense. Unlike the NOAA method, the HBM+MCS model is computationally intensive, depending on the areas under consideration and the number of iterations. We therefore used the HBM+ MCS method to derive a regression relationship between elevation and inundation probability for the Exe Estuary. We then apply this to the adjacent Otter Estuary and show that it can defensibly reproduce zones of inundation uncertainty, avoiding the computationally intensive step of the HBM+MCS. The equation-derived zone of uncertainty was 112.1% larger than the HBM+MCS method, compared to the NOAA method which produced an uncertain area 423.9% larger. Each approach has advantages and disadvantages and requires value judgements to be made. Their use underscores the need for transparency in assumptions and communications of outputs. We urge DEM publishers to move beyond provision of a generalised RMSE and provide more detailed estimates of spatial error and complete metadata, including locations of ground control points and associated land cover.     

高频大地电磁测深在岩溶地区地下水探测中的应用研究

规划中的某水电站位于碳酸盐岩地区,库区碳酸盐岩类岩石分布面积占总面积的80%以上,岩溶发育,水文地质条件复杂,岩溶渗漏是制约电站能否兴建的关键问题。为了探测其地下水和隐伏岩溶的空间分布情况,应用EH4大地电磁测深系统进行了勘察工作,圈定了10个岩溶和3条断裂,获得了库区的地下水和岩溶的空间分布形态。基本查明了电站水库溶渗漏问题,为电站兴建提供了依据。     

红层软岩微观结构与抗剪强度关系实验分析

红层软岩属于滑坡、崩塌灾害的易发地层,岩石的微观结构特性对其宏观力学强度有着重要影响。对四川省屏山县和云南省绥江县采集的侏罗系红层砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩样品进行了扫描电镜观察及变角模抗剪强度实验。基于MATLAB数字图像处理技术,提取了红层砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩的微观结构参量,即孔隙率、颗粒磨圆度、颗粒定向度及欧拉数的量化值,进一步分析了上述各参量和抗剪强度的定量关系。研究结果表明：红层软岩的抗剪强度和孔隙率呈负指数关系,和颗粒磨圆度、定向度呈负相关线性关系,和欧拉数呈正相关线性关系。     

青藏高原东北缘海原弧形构造区地壳电性结构探测研究

对青藏高原东北缘海原弧形构造区（105deg;～107deg;E，36deg;～37.5deg;N）的5条大地电磁测深剖面进行处理分析和二维反演，得到研究区内东西宽约160 km、深约60 km范围的地壳电性细结构. 结果表明: 研究区呈现南西——北东的带状分布特征. 由南西——北东可分为6个电性区块，依次为西吉盆地(Ⅰ)、西、 南华山隆起(Ⅱ)、兴仁堡-海原盆地(Ⅲ)、中卫-清水河盆地(Ⅳ)、中宁-红寺堡盆地(Ⅴ)和鄂尔多斯西缘带(Ⅵ). 各区块在平面上呈北西撒开、 南东收缩的ldquo;扫帚状rdquo;形态；弧形构造区弧顶附近构造完整、规模大，自弧顶向北西、南东两端构造规模逐渐减小. 地表到深度10 km左右，西、南华山隆起和鄂尔多斯西缘带呈高阻特性，西吉、兴仁堡-海原、中卫——清水河和中宁-红寺堡4个盆地的电阻率较低且呈盆地凹陷形状. 其中兴仁堡-海原盆地电性基底最深，显示为南西深北东浅的ldquo;簸箕状rdquo;起伏形态. 研究区发育不连续的壳内低阻带，与该区中、强震活动密切相关. 1920年海原大震区存在明显的电性结构差异，震区南西侧和上部区域为相对高阻，北东侧和下部区域为相对低阻.      

贵州高原复杂地形下月平均日最高气温分布式模拟

在前人研究的基础上,对以前的模型进行改进,考虑了坡度、坡向和地形相互遮蔽作用对复杂地形下天文辐射的影响,基于数字高程模型(DEM)数据,建立以天文辐射为起始数据的复杂地形下月平均日最高气温的分布式模型,在模型中考虑了海拔高度、复杂地形下太阳总辐射、日照百分率对月平均日最高气温的影响.以贵州高原为例.应用100m×100m分辨率的DEM数据.1960-2000年贵州省及周边102个气象站常规气象要素观测资料以及NOAA-AVHRR观测资料,10个气象站的太阳辐射量资料,计算了贵州高原各月及年平均日最高气温精细空间分布.结果表明:(1)坡度、坡向、地形遮蔽对月平均日最高气温的影响较大,由于局地地形因子的影响,复杂地形下月平均日最高气温的空间分布具有明显的地域分布特征,局地地形对月平均日最高气温的影响是不容忽视的.(2)季节不同,局地地形因子对复杂地形下月平均日最高气温空间分布的影响不同,冬半年大于夏半年.月平均日最高气温随海拔高度的增加而降低.南坡随坡度的增大而升高:北坡随坡度的增大而降低.在坡向影响上,1-5月、10-12月偏北坡月平均日最高气温偏低,偏南坡月平均日最高气温偏高;7-8月因太阳高度较高,因此出现相反的情况.北坡高于南坡.