Coupled Model of Two-phase Debris Flow, Sediment Transport and Morphological Evolution

The volume fraction of the solid and liquid phase of debris flows,which evolves simultaneously across terrains,largely determines the dynamic property of debris flows. The entrainment process significantly influences the amplitude of the volume fraction. In this paper,we present a depth-averaged two-phase debris-flow model describing the simultaneous evolution of the phase velocity and depth,the solid and fluid volume fractions and the bed morphological evolution. The model employs the Mohr–Coulomb plasticity for the solid stress,and the fluid stress is modeled as a Newtonian viscous stress. The interfacial momentum transfer includes viscous drag and buoyancy. A new extended entrainment rate formula that satisfies the boundary momentum jump condition(Iverson and Ouyang,2015) is presented. In this formula,the basal traction stress is a function of the solid volume fraction and can take advantage of both the Coulomb and velocity-dependent friction models. A finite volume method using Roe's Riemann approximation is suggested to solve the equations. Three computational cases are conducted and compared with experiments or previous results. The results show that the current computational model and framework are robust and suitable for capturing the characteristics of debris flows.     

三峡工程对宜昌-监利河段水温情势的影响分析

三峡工程蓄水使得下游长江河道水温情势发生显著变化,并对下游生态环境产生重要影响。基于宜昌水文站14年的实测资料,采用纵向一维水温模型模拟分析了宜昌至监利300 km河道水温变化过程,探讨了不同蓄水期三峡工程下泄水温变化对坝下鱼类产卵场的影响程度。结果表明:①三峡工程蓄水后宜昌断面水温出现了平坦化及延迟现象,低温水和高温水效应明显;175 m蓄水期宜昌断面4月、12月,水温分别较蓄水前改变-4.3℃、3.7℃。②三峡工程的运行使得下游河道水气热交换量发生变化,但干流流量较大使得水温沿程恢复效果较弱;工程调蓄对坝下河段的影响占主导作用,三峡工程调蓄对监利断面4月、12月存在-3.2℃、3.0℃的温度影响。③三峡工程蓄水后,宜昌中华鲟产卵场冬季20.0℃的水温出现时间推迟1~4旬,监利四大家鱼产卵场春季18.0℃的水温出现时间推迟1~3旬,并随着蓄水位的抬升,推迟幅度逐渐加大。     

河南萑香洼金矿地球化学分带模型研究

河南萑香洼金矿床作为典型的构造蚀变岩型金矿床,通过研究分析该矿床F985矿化带的Ⅰ号矿体各类元素组分在不同地质体的含量变化特征,原生晕异常分带特征和地球化学轴向分带特征,建立了该矿床完整的地球化学异常分带理想模型,得出矿床地球化学异常轴向分带序列确定为:烃类、Sb(前缘晕)→As、Hg(矿头)→(矿中晕)Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn、W、Mn→(矿尾晕)Mo、Co、Ni、Sn,并总结出了找矿预测标志,为该矿区深部找矿提供了一定的科学理论依据。     

水库群水沙调控的单-多目标调度模型及其应用

为缓解内蒙古河段"二级悬河"形势,以黄河上游沙漠宽谷河段为研究对象,以龙羊峡水库、刘家峡水库为调控主体,开展黄河上游水沙调控研究。建立了输沙量、发电量最大的单目标模型以及多目标模型;分别采用自迭代模拟算法、逐次逼近动态规划算法(DPSA)和改进的非支配排序遗传优化算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)求解模型;设置了初始、常规、优化和联合优化4种方案。通过实例计算,联合优化调度方案的区间总冲刷量达到了0.38亿t,梯级发电量148.22亿kW·h。该方案以较小的电量损失换来了输沙量的大幅度增加,水沙调控效果显著,推荐为最优方案。研究成果量化了水沙调控效果和各目标间的转化规律,为开展黄河上游水沙调控提供了决策依据,具有重要的应用价值和实际指导意义。     

基于势流理论和OpenFOAM的耦合模型对多向不规则波浪的模拟

基于势流理论的数值水池可以快速计算波浪的传播及其对建筑物的作用,但是势流理论是基于波浪的无黏性假设的,而在工程中,通常需要在固体边界及波浪破碎的区域考虑黏性效应。针对基于求解Navier-Stokes方程的黏性水池计算量较大、速度较慢的缺点,采用耦合的方法模拟多向不规则波浪的传播,即在外域通过基于势流理论的数值水池产生多向不规则波浪,内域采用求解Navier-Stokes方程和流体体积法(VOF方法)对自由表面进行追踪,通过外域所提供的边界波浪,内域计算可以在较小区域进行计算,从而达到减少计算量、提高计算效率的目的。     

A Survey of the Spatio-Temporal Data Model

Traditional GIS(Geographic Information System)mostly can only describe the transient state data and does not have the ability to deal with the temporal dynamic data. When the data changes, new data will take the place of the old data, namely the transient state change into another, and the old data will disappear. Therefore, it is unable to make an analysis of the updating changes of the data and predict the development trend of the future. In this case, TGIS (Temporal Geographic Information System) emerges and expands the time dimension on the basis of traditional GIS. Spatio-temporal data model is the key to TGIS. Spatio-temporal data modeling is not only related to dynamic expression of spatio-temporal objects, but also gives an important support for spatio-temporal analysis and reasoning. This paper summarized the theories and applications status at home and abroad of spatio-temporal data model in detail, illustrated family tree of spatio-temporal data model for the nearly fifty years, discussed improvement and application status of Base State with Amendments Model, Event-based Spatio-temporal Data Model, Object-oriented Data Model and other spatio-temporal data models, and raised the existing problems of spatio-temporal data model. The current existing problems mainly includes: ①There are a lot of spatio-temporal data models put forward, but some of them only focus on semantic design and neglect the verified; ②Most of existing spatio-temporal data model are for vector data, only the Event-based Spatio-temporal Data Model is raster data structure; ③At present, the expression the time-space information of geographic entity is relative separated with spatio-temporal data model; ④Spatio-temporal data model is mainly used in cadastral management, land use and forestry data updating, less application in other fields. In the end, the future development direction was put forward of spatio-temporal data model. In the time of big data and “Internet plus”, it is necessary to explore the big data spatio-temporal data model that supports multiple data formats.     

The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Europe Blocking and Their Impacts on Extreme Snowstorms: A Review

Large-scale, low frequency modes such as the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO)and blocking, have an important modulation on the northern hemisphere weather and climate. In this paper, the physical mechanism studies on inter-decadal and decadal variability of NAO and blocking were summarized. The relationship between NAO regime transitions and the interannual variability of NAO in winter during was examined by using a statistical approach. The time-space relationship between NAO and European blocking were discussed. Based on two extreme cold and snowstorm events, the impacts on local weather especially the extreme events within the life cycle (two weeks) of the NAO and blocking were further examined. It was found that the frequently occurrence of the Eurasian extreme snowstorm was closely related to the special combination of NAO and blocking regime. In addition, the development of theoretical modes for NAO and blocking was discussed and issues that remain to be solved were proposed.     

Structuring velocity model of microseism based on genetic algorithm and Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm

为在射孔时间未知条件下达到微震速度模型矫正的目的,采用遗传算法交叉互换搜索最优初值和 Levenberg-Marquardt 算法局部锁定最优解的方式来构建微震速度模型。通过 6 层层状模型及井下不同数量检波器进行试算,随着检波器数量增加,构建的速度模型准确度越高,当检波器数量增加到 20 个时,误差约 13. 4 ×10 －3 ,目的层检波器数量越多,构建目的层速度误差越小,第 5 层检波器由 1 增加到 3 个时,精度提高 9. 1 ×10 －3 ,并且反演震源与实际震源距离相差 10 m,说明此方法在射孔时间未知条件下可以良好构建速度模型。     

三维高密度电阻率法在堤坝工程中的模拟试验

为检测堤坝中裂隙、洞穴及渗漏层等隐患的存在,利用三维高密度电阻率法对数字模型和物理模型建立的裂隙隐患进行探测,结果表明室内建立的物理模型在立体图和分层切片图中裂隙的形态有些变化,但其分布范围、位置与相对各自模型中实际的比例尺寸相差不大,说明数值模拟得出的结论可以为实际工程进行理论指导,具有一定的参考价值。     

安徽省地质灾害气象预报预警模型研究

通过对基于地质环境信息平台的地质灾害气象预报预警模型构建进行了探讨。拟在先期已具备的地质灾害预警分区、地质灾害易发分区基础上,以地质灾害"易发度"、预报降雨量、有效降雨量为因子,采用logistic回归模型确定各个评价单元的预警等级,经插值计算、图斑合并,实现地质灾害气象风险预警。