Hydrological characteristics of vegetated river flows: a laboratory flume study

Abstract

Laboratory flume experiments were undertaken to measure the vertical profiles of mean flow velocity for three different flow discharges and four different stem densities of Hydrilla verticillata. The data were used to calculate three parameters, namely Manning's roughness coefficient, the Reynolds number and the Froude number. In addition, empirical equations were obtained for the vertical distribution of measured flow velocity within the transitional zone and above the plant canopy. The results show that: (a) the vertical distribution of measured flow velocity exhibits three zone profiles; (b) Manning's roughness coefficient decreases with increasing depth-averaged flow velocity; (c) the relationship between Manning's roughness coefficient and the depth-averaged flow velocity is within the smooth left inverse curve; (d) Manning's roughness coefficient significantly changes with increasing density of Hydrilla; (e) the Froude number is independent of the density of Hydrilla; and (f) both the Reynolds number and the Froude number increase with increasing depth-averaged flow velocity.

Citation Shi, J.Z., Li, Y.-H., Hughes, J.M.R., and Zhao, M., 2013. Hydrological characteristics of vegetated river flows: a laboratory flume study. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (5), 1047–1058.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz     

俯冲带温度条件下橄榄石中硅氧四面体的非谐振动:透射红外光谱研究

橄榄石既是上地幔的主要矿物,又是俯冲板块的主要矿物。在正常地幔温度条件下,橄榄石中原子之间的振动是非谐振动,这已成为学界共识;然而,对于俯冲带的较低温情况,橄榄石中原子之间的振动的非谐性是否重要,目前还没有比较一致的结论。本研究利用透射红外光谱的方法,系统研究了室温下不同厚度橄榄石中硅氧四面体的红外光谱特征,并着重对其在2100~1500cm-1区域形成的二倍频峰/合频峰进行了指认。在此基础上,本研究通过采集不同温度下的透射红外光谱数据(最高温度达约450℃),确立了橄榄石中硅氧四面体的相应基频峰及二倍频峰峰位对温度的依赖性,进而得出其相应红外振动的非谐系数(χ)随温度(T)的变化关系,具体为:χ838=6.37(2)×10-7×T+0.0014(1)及χ993=7.86(3)×10-7×T+0.0015(1),其中温度的单位为℃。外推到600℃时,有χ838=0.0018(1)及χ993=0.0020(2)。这些结果表明,在俯冲带的较低温条件下,橄榄石中硅氧四面体的内部振动的非谐性可能不重要。     

粗差发现和定位能力与相关系数的关系

根据粗差判断方程中的判断矩阵和两个统计检验量之间相关系数的函数式,论证了两种不同的研究方法所确定的粗差不能定位的数学模型实际上是相等的。通过算例,不仅说明两种研究方法对观测量不能定位粗差的判断是一致的,而且使用判断矩阵研究观测量的粗差发现和定位能力会更加方便简单。     

含流体致密砂岩的纵波频散及衰减:基于双重双重孔隙结构模型描述的特征分析

致密砂岩普遍具有低孔、低渗及微裂缝发育的地质特征,并且呈现出很强的非均匀性.致密砂岩储层与常规砂岩储层比较,具有明显的岩石物理性质、渗流力学性质方面的差异.致密砂岩内部的非均匀性对弹性波频散、衰减有显著影响,其中包括孔隙结构的非均匀性,即岩石内部孔隙参数的不均一性,以及孔隙内部不相混溶流体的非均匀分布;此外,非均匀性的尺度也决定了波出现显著频散与衰减的频段.综合考虑致密砂岩孔隙结构非均匀性及流体斑块状饱和的非均匀性,本文采用双双重孔隙介质结构模拟了致密砂岩的弹性波响应,分析了同时具备两类非均质性岩石中的波传播特征.调查分析了两组分别来自中国鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田及四川盆地广安气田的不同类型致密砂岩储层的岩芯超声波实验数据,给出了岩石样本的弹性波速度频散与衰减曲线.结果显示理论模型预测结果与完全饱和、部分饱和岩石的实验数据吻合良好.对两个地区致密砂岩岩芯数据进行对比分析,苏里格致密砂岩样本总体上比广安致密砂岩渗透率高,在各孔隙度范围内,特征模拟显示苏里格样本的裂隙尺寸明显大于广安样本.广安致密砂岩在低孔隙度范围内发育了更多、更小的颗粒裂隙/接触.致密砂岩的速度频散与衰减结果受流体黏度、晶体破裂及流体斑块状饱和的共同影响.此外,孔隙度越大,部分饱和岩石中斑块状饱和机制对总衰减的贡献越低,与之相对,结构非均质性所占的比重则有所增强.     

近40年来甘肃省降水的变化特征

利用1960—2003年甘肃省59个测站逐日降水资料,研究了甘肃省四季和年降水量及雨日的气候变化特征。结果表明,平均年降水量和雨日的空间分布非常相似。河西和白银市的年降水量的趋势系数为正,省内其它地区为负;河西大部和甘南部分地区的年雨日的趋势系数为正,省内其它地区为负。线性倾向估计的结果表明,年降水量线性倾向值的零线基本以黄河为界,河西在增加,河东在减少,减少最明显的区域在徽县和康县盆地;雨日增加主要在河西西部偏南地区、沿祁连山的大部分地区及临夏以及甘南等海拔相对较高的地区,中部和陇东南的雨日在减少。雨日增多的地方降水量也在增加,反之亦然。全省年降水量和年雨日在1990年代均为低谷,而在21世纪初又都有上升趋势。降水量突变在1990年代中期;雨日突变河西在1960年代后期,河东在1970年代后期和1990年代中期。冬季降水量及雨日表现全省性大范围的增加趋势,秋季降水量及雨日亦呈全省性减少趋势;而春、夏季的降水量及雨日变化趋势则是地区性的。     

A new approach to assessing the water footprint of hydroelectric power based on allocation of water footprints among reservoir ecosystem services

Hydroelectric power is an important energy source to meet the growing demand for energy, and large amounts of water are consumed to generate this energy. Previous studies often assumed that the water footprint of hydroelectric power equaled the reservoir’s water footprint, but failed to allocate the reservoir water footprint among the many beneficiaries; dealing with this allocation remains a challenge. In this study, we developed a new approach to quantify the water footprint of hydroelectric power (WF_h) by separating it from the reservoir water footprint (WF) using an allocation coefficient (η_h) based on the ratio of the benefits from hydroelectric power to the total ecosystem service benefits. We used this approach in a case study of the Three Gorges Reservoir, the world’s largest reservoir, which provides multiple ecosystem services. We found large differences between the WF_h and the water footprint of per unit of hydroelectric production (PWF_h) calculated using η_h and those calculated without this factor. From 2003 to 2012, η_h decreased sharply (from 0.76 in 2005 to 0.41 in 2012), which was due to the fact that large increases in the value of non-energy ecosystem services, and particularly flood control. In 2009, flood control replaced hydroelectricity as the largest ecosystem service of water from the Three Gorges Reservoir. Using our approach, WF_h and PWF_h averaged 331.0 × 10⁶ m³ and 1.5 m³ GJ⁻¹, respectively. However, these values would almost double without allocating water footprints among different reservoir ecosystem services. Thus, previous studies have overestimated the WF_h and PWF_h of reservoirs, especially for reservoirs that serve multiple purposes. Thus, the allocation coefficient should not be ignored when calculating the WF of a product or service.     

砖木、砖石结构建筑闪电分流系数研究

随着经济的发展,我国对高层建筑,以及智能建筑物的防雷很重视,具体的防雷措施也做的很到位.但相对于一些古建筑物来说,特别是砖木,砖石结构建筑,在防雷方面却没有引起足够的重视,现阶段能够大量保存的砖木、砖石结构建筑大部分都是具有重要历史、艺术、科学价值的革命遗址、纪念建筑物、古文化遗址、古城址、古窑址、古墓葬、古建筑、石窟寺、古民居、石刻等文物,因此对这些建筑的防雷措施应该更加重视.本文做了关于砖木、砖石结构建筑闪电分流系数研究,仅供参考,希望对砖木、砖石建筑物雷电防护工作起到一定的作用.     

非对流性云中龙B-1 AgI烟迹扩散的研究

利用ＡｇⅠ和空气混合物的扩散方程,对催化剂在高空云中的传输,扩散进行了分析,计算了龙Ｂ－１焰弹催化系统播散的ＡｇⅠ气溶胶在云中的扩散,并给出龙Ｂ－１焰弹催化剂使用量的理论值,供在实际应用中参考。     

基于CALIPSO星载激光雷达的中国沙尘气溶胶观测

基于2006年6月至2012年5月无云条件下CALIPSO星载激光雷达观测资料,分析中国典型地区（塔克拉玛干沙漠、柴达木盆地、戈壁区和华北）沙尘气溶胶分布。结果表明：塔克拉玛干沙漠和戈壁区为沙尘天气发生频率高值区,且前者在各高度层的沙尘发生频率都大于后者。沙尘发生呈季节性分布。塔克拉玛干沙漠在春季沙尘发生频率最大,抬升最高可至10 km,冬季频率最小,高度最低,主要分布在3 km以下。戈壁区在春季沙尘发生频率、抬升高度最大,冬季抬升高度最低,但低层发生频率大于夏、秋两季。在塔克拉玛干沙漠,沙尘光学厚度春季最大约为0.44,冬季最小约为0.17,春,冬季消光系数峰值最大,可达0.25 km^-1,且随高度的递减率大于夏,秋季。在戈壁区和柴达木盆地,沙尘光学厚度春季最大、秋季最小。在华北,沙尘光学厚度春季最大、夏季最小,消光系数在2 km以上春季最大,这主要是由于春季远距离高空传输到华北的沙尘量最多。塔克拉玛干沙漠与柴达木盆地的退偏比为0.2~0.35,戈壁区为0.16~0.28,可能是由于塔克拉玛干沙漠的物质组成与柴达木盆地相同,而与戈壁区不同。华北因低层沙尘与其他气溶胶混合导致退偏振比廓线随高度递增。4个区域对流层上部退偏比全为0.2,表明高空气溶胶可能为来自相同源区的沙尘。     

Influence of the total atmospheric optical depth and cloud cover on solar irradiance components

Broadband solar irradiance data obtained in the spectral range 400–940 nm at Kwangju, South Korea from 1999–2000 have been analyzed to investigate the effects of cloud cover and atmospheric optical depth on solar radiation components. Results from measurements indicate that the percentage of direct and diffuse horizontal components of solar irradiance depend largely on total optical depth (TOD) and cloud cover. During summer and spring, the percentages of diffuse solar irradiance relative to the global irradiance were 5.0% and 4.9% as compared to 2.2% and 3.0% during winter and autumn. The diffuse solar irradiance is higher than the direct in spring and summer by 24.2%, and 40.6%, respectively, which may largely be attributed to the attenuation (scattering) of radiation by heavy dust pollution and large cloud amount. In cloud-free conditions with cloud cover ≤2/10, the fraction of the direct and diffuse components were 66.0% and 34.0%, respectively, with a mean daily global irradiance value of 7.92±2.91 MJ m⁻² day⁻¹. However, under cloudy conditions (with cloud cover ≥8/10), the diffuse and direct fractions were 97.9% and 2.2% of the global component, respectively. The annual mean TOD under cloudless conditions (cloud cover≤2/10) yields 0.74±0.33 and increased to as much as 3.15±0.67 under cloudy conditions with cloud amount ≥8/10. An empirical formula is derived for estimating the diffuse and direct components of horizontal solar irradiance by considering the total atmospheric optical depth (TOD). Results from statistical models are shown for the estimation of solar irradiance components as a function of TOD with sufficient accuracy as indicated by low standard error for each solar zenith angle (SZA).