西藏多不杂斑岩铜(金)矿床磁铁矿元素地球化学特征及其对成矿过程的指示

多不杂铜(金)矿床是西藏多龙矿集区重要的斑岩型铜矿床之一。详细的岩心编录和岩相学研究显示,多不杂铜(金)矿床发育4类磁铁矿:磁铁矿-1(Mt₁)反射色呈灰白色,它形粒状,部分颗粒包含在黑云母内部;磁铁矿-2(Mt₂)反射色呈粉棕色,半自形-它形粒状,边缘被赤铁矿交代,颗粒内部见少量黄铜矿;磁铁矿-3(Mt₃)反射色呈粉棕色,自形-半自形,粒度小,表面平整,主要产于角岩化蚀变内;磁铁矿-4(Mt₄)反射色呈深灰色,颗粒间隙被黄铁矿、黄铜矿交代。Mt₁、Mt₂属岩浆磁铁矿或岩浆-热液磁铁矿的过渡类型;Mt₃、Mt₄属岩浆-热液磁铁矿的过渡类型。Mt₁、Mt₂、Mt₄磁铁矿形成温度大致在300～500℃,Mt₃形成温度明显低于其他三类磁铁矿,大致在200～500℃。4类磁铁矿具有明显的地球化学差异,其中Mt₁具...     

估算钙碱性长英质侵入岩结晶压力的地质压力计评述

本文对四种常见的矿物压力计（角闪石全铝压力计、黑云母压力计、榍石压力计和“石英”压力计）的适用性进行了经验性检验。基于国内外典型钙碱性长英质岩体的矿物化学和全岩化学成分数据,采用不同压力计估算岩体侵位压力,并与角闪石全铝压力计结果对比。结果表明：角闪石六次配位Al压力计与广泛使用的角闪石全铝压力计的估算值存在系统相关性;榍石压力计计算的压力与角闪石全铝压力计的估计结果相关性较为显著;基于Qtz—Ab—Or简并花岗岩体系的“石英”压力计可以用于估计准铝质—弱过铝质钙碱性（狭义）花岗岩的结晶压力。但是,经验性的黑云母压力计和基于实验数据的黑云母压力压计均不能很好地复现角闪石全铝压力计的结果。黑云母压力计不适用于估算钙碱性侵入岩的结晶压力。     

内约束方钢管混凝土柱抗震性能研究

由于方钢管对混凝土约束作用较弱,地震作用下方钢管混凝土柱底部钢管易出现屈曲,因此本文提出一种新型内约束方钢管混凝土柱。基于ABAQUS有限元软件,本文采用合理的材料本构模型建立内约束方钢管混凝土柱三维实体精细有限元模型,该模型能准确反应钢管、混凝土以及拉筋之间的相互作用,又能反应拟静力作用下混凝土的塑性损伤和钢材的循环硬化规律。有限元结果与试验结果吻合良好。首先,在此基础上笔选出最佳内约束形式,对拉箍筋方钢管混凝土柱的抗震性能明显优于圆环箍筋;其次,提出在不同轴压比下内约束方钢管混凝土柱的焊接拉筋最佳布置长度和合理体积配箍率;再次,探讨不同参数对内约束方钢管混凝土柱滞回性能的影响,结果表明:提高截面含钢率和长细比能有效改善组合柱的极限承载力,而轴压比在一定范围内有利于能提高柱的承载力;最后,讨论了约束措施对内约束方钢管混凝土柱耗能性能的影响。     

基于可见—近红外反射光谱的典型农田重金属污染风险分类研究

对于人为因素或自然因素造成的农田土壤重金属元素污染,需要进行大面积的土壤环境质量调查和分类管控,然而传统的采样测试方法存在工作量大、代价高等问题。可见—近红外（Vis-NIR）反射光谱是一种快速低成本获取土壤理化信息的手段。为研究Vis-NIR反射光谱预测模型划分土壤重金属污染风险类别的能力,文章以典型人为污染地区（浙江温岭）和典型地质高背景地区（广西横县）的390份农田土壤为样本,测定8种重金属元素（As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn）的含量和pH值,并测定土壤Vis-NIR光谱。使用偏最小二乘（PLS）和支持向量机（SVM）算法建立回归模型,对土壤重金属含量和pH值进行预测,并基于预测值进行土壤重金属污染风险分类。结果显示,温岭土壤主要污染元素Cd和Cu的光谱模型回归预测偏差（RPD）分别为1.23和1.19,预测机制与有机质有关。横县土壤主要污染元素As和Cd的RPD分别为1.98和1.93,预测机制与铁氧化物和粘土矿物有关。地质高背景土壤重金属与铁氧化物的正相关性普遍较强,使得光谱模型对重金属含量预测准确度较高。温岭和横县土壤pH值的光谱模型RPD分别为1.76和1.68。土壤重金属污染风险光谱分类的总体 准确度分别为75.0%~100%（温岭）和80.0%~100％（横县）。将Vis-NIR光谱与遥感技术相结合,对农田土壤重金属污染风险进行快速分类总体是可行的。     

基于宽频大地电磁法的页岩气探测实践——以川西南沐川地区须家河组为例

四川盆地上三叠统须家河组陆相富有机质页岩较为发育,页岩连续厚度较大,含气性好,有望开辟四川盆地页岩气新区新层系。然而,复杂的人文干扰（城镇密集、人口众多）和较大的埋藏深度（2000~3000m）挑战了页岩气地球物理勘探的精度,这在很大程度上制约了川西南沐川地区三叠系须家河组页岩气的进一步勘探。本文在分析前人研究资料基础上,优选了川西南沐川地区须家河组作为新区新层系的探测目标,根据研究区地质情况,构建理论电性模型,通过正演模拟和“已知”钻孔标定方法试验,确定了宽频大地电磁法的适用性和有效性。进而在重点页岩气远景区部署一条宽频大地电磁剖面,通过数据处理分析,结合地质资料获得了研究区深部电性结构,认为研究区一带地层连续、完整,断裂不发育,具有稳定的地质结构,其中上三叠统须家河组发育较大厚度的富有机质页岩,可作为本区页岩气勘探的新区新层系,具有良好的页岩气、致密气资源前景。同时,证实了在3000m以浅页岩气探测方法中,宽频大地电磁法（BMT）可以有效地识别富有机质页岩规模和空间展布特征,是一种快速、经济、无损有效的页岩气探测方法,可以为页岩气勘探提供先导依据,同时也为同类地质情况页岩气探测提供应用示范。     

伟晶质岩浆的同化混染与分离结晶(AFC)作用及铀成矿效应:以纳米比亚湖山铀矿为例

纳米比亚湖山铀矿位于达马拉造山带的中央南部地区,工业铀矿物为晶质铀矿,属于伟晶岩型铀矿床。关于不同矿石中铀元素的富集与沉淀机制还存在一定争议。为了揭示伟晶质岩浆演化与铀矿化作用的关系,本文对矿区内不同矿物组成的伟晶岩型矿石开展了岩石和矿物地球化学研究。野外及镜下鉴定结果显示,矿化伟晶岩可以分为“简单类型”矿体和“复杂类型”矿体。前者具有正常的花岗伟晶结构,晶质铀矿均匀分布于造岩矿物之间,矿化程度低到中等;后者表现出非均匀的结构特征,且矿化程度极高,晶质铀矿在成因上与大量黑云母团块有明显的空间联系。地球化学研究表明:在“简单类型”伟晶岩中,铀元素主要通过伟晶质岩浆的分离结晶作用富集;“复杂类型”伟晶质岩浆的演化则明显受控于同化混染作用,其铀矿化为岩浆同化混染与分离结晶(assimilation-fractional crystallization,AFC)作用产物。具体而言,外来基性组分(FeO,MgO,TiO₂,MnO)的混入导致“复杂类型”熔体中矿物的结晶顺序发生改变,长石类矿物的“延后”结晶为黑云母提供了更加有利的结晶空间和条件,促使黑云母以团块状聚集的形式产出。黑云母的大量析出会引发残余岩浆中UF_m^4-m络合物的水解,导致晶质铀矿在团块黑云母内部或周围沉淀。因此,本文有关“简单类型”和“复杂类型”产铀伟晶岩的研究,有效地揭示了岩浆演化过程与铀矿化机制,丰富了伟晶岩型铀矿床理论,为后期勘查开发提供了科学依据。     

Transformation of ammonium nitrogen and response characteristics of nitrifying functional genes in tannery sludge contaminated soil

High concentrations of ammonium nitrogen released from tannery sludge during storage in open air may cause nitrogen pollution to soil and groundwater. To study the transformation mechanism of NH₄⁺-N by nitrifying functional bacteria in tannery sludge contaminated soils, a series of contaminated soil culture experiments were conducted in this study. The contents of ammonium nitrogen (as NH₄⁺-N), nitrite nitrogen (as NO₂^?-N) and nitrate nitrogen (as NO₃^?-N) were analyzed during the culture period under different conditions of pollution load, soil particle and redox environment. Sigmodial equation was used to interpret the change of NO₃^?-N with time in contaminated soils. The abundance variations of nitrifying functional genes (amoA and nxrA) were also detected using the real-time quantitative fluorescence PCR method. The results show that the nitrification of NH₄⁺-N was aggravated in the contaminated silt soil and fine sand under the condition of lower pollution load, finer particle size and more oxidizing environment. The sigmodial equation well fitted the dynamic accumulation curve of the NO₃^?-N content in the tannery sludge contaminated soils. The Cr(III) content increased with increasing pollution load, which inhibited the reproduction and activity of nitrifying bacteria in the soils, especially in coarse-grained soil. The accumulation of NO₂^?-N contents became more obvious with the increase of pollution load in the fine sand, and only 41.5% of the NH₄⁺-N was transformed to NO₃^?-N. The redox environment was the main factor affecting nitrification process in the soil. Compared to the aerobic soil environment, the transformation of NH₄⁺-N was significantly inhibited under anaerobic incubation condition, and the NO₃^?-N contents decreased by 37.2%, 61.9% and 91.9% under low, medium and high pollution loads, respectively. Nitrification was stronger in the silt soil since its copy number of amoA and nxrA genes was two times larger than that of fine sand. Moreover, the copy numbers of amoA and nxrA genes in the silt soil under the aerobic environment were 2.7 times and 2.2 times larger than those in the anaerobic environment. The abundance changes of the amoA and nxrA functional genes have a positive correlation with the nitrification intensity in the tannery sludge-contaminated soil.     

Testing a new combined (U,Th)–He and U/Th dating approach on Plio-Pleistocene calcite speleothems

The geochronology of cave deposits in the Cradle of Humankind UNESCO World Heritage Site in South Africa provides a timeframe essential for the interpretation of its fossils. The uranium-lead (U–Pb) and uranium-thorium disequilibrium (U/Th) dating of speleothems, mostly flowstones that underlie and blanket the fossil-bearing sediments, have been effective in this sense, but U–Pb is limited by the requirement of ∼1 ppm U concentrations and low common Pb contents, and U/Th has a c. 500 ka limit of applicability. Here we report age results for calcite-aragonite speleothems obtained using a new combined uranium-thorium-helium ((U,Th)–He) and U/Th dating routine. We reproduced within analytical uncertainty, the published U–Pb or U/Th ages for (a) flowstone in three drill core samples in the range 2000–3000 ka, (b) a flowstone hand sample taken at surface with an age of 1800 ka, and (c) five underground flowstone samples in the range 100–800 ka. Calcite retentivity for He under cave conditions is thus demonstrated. In the few cases where helium loss was observed in speleothems, only some of the subsamples were affected, and to varying degrees, suggesting loss by lattice damage not related to diagenetic processes, rather than volume diffusion. In the 100 to 800 ka range, the combined U/Th disequilibrium and (U,Th)–He method also yielded reliable values for initial (²³⁰Th/²³⁸U) and (²³⁴U/²³⁸U) activity ratios. Importantly, most subsamples had high initial (²³⁰Th/²³⁸U) values, ranging from 1.0 to 19.7, although having low Th/U ratios. This is probably due to incorporation of Fe–Mn oxides-hydroxides dust, on which ²³⁰Th was previously adsorbed. Such samples are mostly not dateable by U/Th without the additional input from the He analysis. If not detected and corrected for, such high initial (²³⁰Th/²³⁸U) values can lead to inaccurate U/Th and U–Pb ages. Our study shows that the incorporation of He analysis in U/Th dating has broad potential application, with four methods for calculating the ages, in carbonates from different environments where U-Pb or U/Th dating would not work.     

酸溶-电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定密西西比型铅锌矿床矿石中的铅

密西西比型(MVT)铅锌矿床的主要矿物有方铅石、闪锌矿,常伴生有重晶石、萤石等矿物,使得MVT型矿石在酸处理过程中易生成不溶于水和酸的硫酸铅钡复盐,故而检测矿样中铅的含量偏低。本文建立了采用盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸体系酸溶分解MVT型矿石,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定铅含量的分析方法。实验比较了盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸、盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸、盐酸-硝酸-硫酸三种酸溶体系的溶样效果,并通过X射线衍射论证了方法的可行性。结果表明,盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸体系克服了复盐硫酸铅钡和硫酸铅沉淀的生成,适量的氢氟酸促进了Pb SO4的溶解,X射线衍射表征也表明此种酸溶体系的沉淀中不含有Pb SO4,可更彻底地分解MVT型矿石。本方法精密度(RSD)为0.3%~0.6%,实际样品的加标回收率为96.0%~99.2%,铅的最佳检测范围为0.01%~20.0%。     

智能地质调查体系与架构

中国地质调查局用了近10年时间,在基础地质调查和矿产调查领域基本完成了地质调查全流程数字化过程。在"云"计算与大数据技术等新一代信息技术的兴起大环境下,未来5至10年,地质调查主流程信息化的方向和目标是什么呢?本文基于新一代信息智能技术和智能设备在地质调查数据采集、数据分析处理、数据交换传输、三维建模、信息泛在服务、业务管理全面深度融合的基础上,结合智能空间与普适计算概念给出了智能地质调查定义,提出了基于云计算和Hadoop生态体系为基础的天地空一体化的智能地质调查体系、架构和应用模式,并对其关键技术进行了讨论。