长江中下游地区雪和雨夹雪垂直热力特征的聚类分析

基于ERA5逐小时再分析资料和地面观测资料,对2019—2022年长江中下游地区雪和雨夹雪的垂直热力特征进行分析,并应用K-means聚类方法分型探讨其物理过程特征。结果表明：1）雪和雨夹雪的聚类均可分为“冷型”和“逆温型”两簇,“冷型”降雪、雨夹雪多数出现在28°N以北地区,江南地区以“逆温型”为主。2）通过湿球温度曲线的聚类分析可以较好地区分雪、雨夹雪相态,优于样本合成平均。3）大部分雪、雨夹雪的云顶温度都低于-10 ℃,且量级越大,云顶温度越低,“冷型”雪、雨夹雪云顶温度低于“逆温型”。4）“逆温型”雪和雨夹雪的降雪率高于对应的“冷型”样本,且“逆温型”南风、北风风速均强于“冷型”。5）“逆温型”雪和雨夹雪比“冷型”样本出现暖层比例高,且“冷型”样本暖层绝大部分都位于近地面层。     

运城盆地秋冬季PM2.5传输特征和源区分析

利用2017-2019年空气质量监测数据，采用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式、聚类分析、潜在源贡献因子分析法（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹分析法（CWT），对运城市秋冬季大气PM2.5传输路径、对应重污染的天气形势和潜在源区进行分析。结果表明：（1）运城近地层盛行偏东风时污染频率高，弱的偏东风和西南风时，污染物浓度较大。秋冬季PM2.5后向轨迹西北方向最多达53.53%，偏东方向最少为11.25%，偏西方向和西南方向介于两者之间，分别为16.61%和12.06%。（2）不同轨迹对应天气形势不同，西北和偏西轨迹下，500 hPa高度场上为两槽一脊或偏西气流，700～850 hPa受脊前西北气流影响，地面为高压前底部型或均压场型；西南轨迹下，500 hPa高度场上为偏西气流，700～850 hPa运城处于槽前西南气流，地面气压场为高压前底部（底部）或均压场。（3）运城PM2.5潜在源区主要位于陕西南部、四川东部和新疆东南、甘肃的东南部等地区，说明影响运城秋冬季PM2.5的浓度除了来自汾渭平原西南部的颗粒物区域输送，来自西北方向新疆、甘肃的远距离颗粒物传输也是重要来源。     

Characterizing stream temperature hysteresis in forested headwater streams

Stream temperature (T_s) is a key water quality parameter that controls several biological, ecological, and chemical processes in aquatic systems. In forested headwaters, exchanges of energy across air-water-streambed interfaces may influence T_s regimes, especially during storm events as the sources of runoff change over space and time. Analysis of the hysteretic behaviour of T_s during storm events may provide insights into rainfall-runoff responses, but such relationships have not been thoroughly investigated. As such, our objectives were to (a) quantify the variability of stream temperature hysteresis across seasons in different sub-regions and (b) investigate the relationship between the hysteretic response and catchment characteristics. T_s hysteresis during storm events was assessed based on the hysteresis index (HI), which describes the directionality of hysteresis loops, and the temperature response index (TRI), which indicates whether T_s increased or decreased during a storm event. We analysed T_s data from 10 forested headwater reaches in two sub-regions (McGarvey and West Fork Tectah) in Northern California. We also performed a clustering analysis to examine the relationship amongst HI, TRI, topographic metrics, and meteorological characteristics of the study areas. Overall, the hysteretic behaviour of T_s varied across seasons—the greatest HI occurred during spring and summer. Interestingly, in the McGarvey streams the variability in T_s hysteresis co-varied strongly with topographic metrics (i.e., upslope accumulative area, average channel slope, topographic wetness index). Comparatively, in West Fork Tectah the variability of T_s hysteresis co-varied most strongly with meteorological metrics (i.e., antecedent rainfall events, solar radiation, and air temperature). Variables such as the gradient between stream and air temperatures, slope, and wetted width were significant for both sub-regional hysteretic patterns. We posit that the drivers of T_s response during storms are likely dependent on catchment physiographic characteristics. Our study also illustrated the potential utility of stream temperature as a tracer for improving the understanding of hydrologic connectivity and shifts in the dominant runoff contributions to streamflow during storm events.     

全球经济海藻专利研发态势研究

研究全球经济海藻领域专利研发态势,为中国经济海藻技术研发提供参考。基于德温特专利数据库,采用Derwent data analyzer、Derwent innovation等分析工具和平台对1960—2020年经济海藻领域的专利文献进行分析。系统揭示半个多世纪以来经济海藻的全球专利数量变化趋势、专利技术构成、代表国家或地区、主要专利权人、热点技术分布与变迁等内容,同时以产业链为分析视角,梳理热点技术的上、中、下游区位,并通过国际间对比分析得到中国在经济海藻领域技术研发面临的机遇与挑战。中国在经济海藻领域的产业链上游(如海藻栽培)、产业链中游(如药物制剂的治疗活性和提取技术)和产业链下游(如食品烹饪、添加与保存、饲料、肥料和医疗制剂等领域)占据优势,与韩国和日本的产业竞争主要存在于产业链下游,如化妆品、个人护理品和生物杀菌剂等领域,当前缺乏对生物燃料、节能环保和环境修复的研发与关注。