Disconnected Cartographies and Immappancy

Abstract

Manual shading, traditionally produced manually by specifically trained cartographers, is still considered superior to automatic methods, particularly for mountainous landscapes. However, manual shading is time-consuming and its results depend on the cartographer and as such difficult to replicate consistently. For this reason there is a need to create an automatic method to standardize its results. A crucial aspect of manual shading is the continuous change of light direction (azimuth) and angle (zenith) in order to better highlight discrete landforms. Automatic hillshading algorithms, widely available in many geographic information systems (GIS) applications, do not provide this feature. This may cause the resulting shaded relief to appear flat in some areas, particularly in areas where the light source is parallel to the mountain ridge. In this work we present a GIS tool to enhance the visual quality of hillshading. We developed a technique based on clustering aspect to provide a seamless change of lighting throughout the scene. We also provide tools to change the light zenith according to either elevation or slope. This way the cartographer has more room for customizing the shaded relief representation. Moreover, the method is completely automatic and this guarantees consistent and reproducible results. This method has been embedded into an ArcGIS toolbox.     

基于EM聚类的X射线背散射图像违禁品分割方法

X射线康普顿背散射(CBS)技术是一项较新的射线安检技术,可以提高复杂背景下安检设备对爆炸物等有机违禁品的探测力度,这其中一个重要环节就是图像中有机违禁品的分割问题,本文分析了CBS技术成像图像的特点,有针对性地提出了一种基于EM聚类的图像中有机违禁品的图像分割方法,实验结果表明该方法具有很好的适用性。     

基于MapReduce的网格化优化CURE算法的实现

针对CURE算法处理大量数据时聚类速度较慢的问题,一方面采用网格聚类方法对初始聚类对象进行网格预聚类处理,缩短初始化族聚类时间;另一方面采用MapReduce框架对算法进行并行性扩展,使其能够充分利用集群的计算和存储能力,从而加速海量数据的处理。以联合程序开发网站的数据集和MATLAB人工数据集作为测试数据集,对改进算法Grid-CURE进行实验分析。实验结果表明:方法可有效提升处理大数据的效率以及提升其抗噪声能力。     

Fractal Dimension of the 1999 Chamoli Earthquake from Aftershock Studies in Garhwal Himalaya

The Aftershock sequence of Chamoli earthquake (M _w 6.4) of 29 March 1999 is analyzed to study the fractal structure in space, time and magnitude distribution. The b value is found to be 0.63 less than which is usually observed worldwide and in the Himalayas. This indicates that the numbers of smaller earthquakes are relatively less than the larger ones. The spatial correlation is 1.64, indicating that events are approaching a two-dimensional region meaning that the aftershocks are uniformly distributed along the trend of the aftershock zone. Temporal correlation is 0.86 for aftershocks of M 1, indicating a nearly continuous aftershock activity. However, it is 0.5 for aftershocks of M 1.75, indicating a non continuous aftershock activity. From the assessment of slip on different faults it is inferred that 70% displacement is accommodated on the primary fault and the remainder on secondary faults.     

Elastic-anelastic Regional Structures for the Iberian Peninsula Obtained from a Rayleigh Wave Tomography and a Causal Uncoupled Inversion

The elastic and anelastic structure of the lithosphere and asthenosphere of the Iberian Peninsula is derived by means of tomographic techniques applied to local phase and group velocities and local attenuation coefficients of Rayleigh wave fundamental mode. The database consists of surface wavetrains recorded at the broadband stations located in the Iberian Peninsula on the occasion of the ILIHA project. Path-averaged phase and group velocities and attenuation coefficients were previously obtained by standard filtering techniques of surface wavetrains and, subsequently, local dispersion curves were computed according to the Yanovskaya-Ditmar formulation. First, a principal component analysis (PCA) and the average linkage (AL) clustering algorithm are applied to these local values in order to classify the Iberian Peninsula in several rather homogeneous domains from the viewpoint of the similarity of the corresponding local dispersion curves, without previous seismotectonic constraints. Second, averaged phase and group velocities and attenuation coefficients representing each homogeneous region are used to derive the respective elastic and anelastic models of the lithosphere and asthenosphere. This purpose is achieved by using the uncoupled causal inversion of phase and group velocities and attenuation coefficients. The main features of the homogeneous regions are discussed by taking as reference the Hercynic, Alpine and Neogene domains of the Iberian Peninsula, and two questions affecting the reliability of the elastic-anelastic models are revised. First, the coherence of the shear-velocity and Q_β⁻¹ models obtained by causal uncoupled inversion for each region is analysed. Second, the influence of the causal phase and group velocities on the shear-velocity models is evaluated by comparing elastic and anelastic models derived from causal uncoupled inversion with those deduced from non-causal inversion.     

地震临界丛集的判定及其应用

介绍了地震临界时间丛集的判定方法——时间结构变异诊断方法。把时间结构变异诊断方法运用于1999年岫岩地震序列及中国大陆强震活动特性研究，并按此方法预测了中国大陆未来大震可能发生的时间点。研究认为，时间结构变异诊断法不仅可以用作前震序列和余震序列以及正常震群活动的判断，同时也适用于区域地震活动状态的描述。震例研究表明，时间结构变异诊断法在地震预测中具有实际意义。     

用聚类法确定专题要素的分类方法研究

介绍了系统聚类方法,结合实例对该聚类方法进行了分析,提出了解决问题的方法,并在软件系统中得以应用。     

限制条件下的空间聚类分析--改进的K-中心点聚类算法

针对空间聚类过程中存在障碍实体的问题,提出了改进的K-中心点空间聚类算法,提高了算法的执行效率,解决了限制条件下空间聚类问题,使得聚类结果更具实用性。     

基于聚类有效性函数的面状地理实体聚类

为解决聚类数未知条件下面状地理实体的聚类问题,文中提出了一种基于聚类有效性函数的聚类方法.给出了适合面状地理实体k-中心点聚类算法的聚类有效性函数;将该有效性函数改写为适应度函数,设计了基于遗传算法的面状地理实体聚类算法.该算法在计算聚类数的同时能得到划分聚类结果.实验结果从一定程度上反映了数据集的结构信息特征.     

基于法向量模糊聚类的道路面点云数据滤波

针对道路面三维激光扫描的特点，结合点云法向量分布特征，提出了基于法向量模糊聚类的点云数据滤波算法。通过对3种不同类型实测道路面数据的实验表明，该算法对于路面扫描过程中产生的非路面冗余数据有较好的滤波效果，为点云数据滤波提供了一种新的手段。