钻井液连续循环钻井技术及自动化装备设计

钻井施工中,拆装钻杆需中止钻井液循环,但钻井液循环中止会导致孔内岩屑下沉、钻井液当量循环密度浮动变化,进而影响孔内安全。为避免上述情况的发生,钻井液不间断循环钻井技术的构想被提出。通过连续循环系统或连续循环接头进行钻井液分流,避开钻杆拆装部分,维持井内的钻井液循环,稳定钻井液当量循环密度。针对该技术原理,提出了一种自动化的钻井液不间断循环井口设备,通过背钳、自动钻井液切换系统和传扭动力卡瓦的配合,可实现钻井中拆卸、接装单根时钻井液不间断循环,有效避免因钻井液静置、沉砂过多导致的钻孔安全问题。     

高密度抑制防塌冲洗液体系在四川营山SY-1地热井中的应用

四川营山地下热矿水探采井SY-1井是一口地热资源重点勘查井,实际完钻深度2758 m,揭露三叠系上统须家河组热储层岩性以长石砂岩、粉砂岩为主,埋藏深度2220~2758 m,厚度538 m。下沙溪庙组岩性为灰绿色页岩、暗紫红色粉砂质泥岩夹黄褐色中厚层状粉砂岩及块状细粒长石砂岩,含高压气、卤水混合物,施工过程中需解决坍塌掉块、井涌、井漏、卤水污染、缩径等复杂难题。室内通过开展高密度抑制防塌钻井液流变性、防塌性、稳定性等控制方面的技术攻关,在优选钠基膨润土的基础上,通过对包被剂、降滤失剂（抗盐）、防塌剂等材料的筛选及优化,形成了高密度抑制防塌冲洗液的最终配方：清水+4%膨润土+0.1%纯碱+0.1%烧碱+1%~2%增粘剂HN-1+0.2%~0.5%环保大分子包被剂+1%~3%环保降滤失剂HJ-1+1%~3%抗盐滤失剂HLY+1%~2%环保防塌剂HFJ+重晶石。该配方密度1.50~1.80 g/cm³可调,滤失量4.0 mL,流变性能好,抑制防塌效果显著,在现场取得了成功应用,保证了该项目的顺利实施。     

Research and application of mud proportioning optimization of slurry balance shield in mudstone and gravel composite stratum

Slurry performance is one of the key factors to maintain the stability of excavation face when slurry balance shield is tunneling in complex strata. Based on the engineering background of slurry shield tunneling in mudstone and gravel composite stratum of Nanning Metro Line 5, the control variable method and the self-made slurry shield tunneling system are adopted to compare and select the mud admixture and to analyze the influence of the admixture amount and the formation composite ratio on the slurry relative density. Then, the mud permeability law and the dynamic and static mud film forming law under different formation composite ratios, swelling water ratios and slag dosages are analyzed comprehensively by factorial design. The results show that different admixtures have significant influence on the properties of bentonite slurry. Specifically, potassium methyl silicate and potassium chloride can effectively reduce the relative density of slurry, while sodium chloride and sodium silicate can promote the disintegration of mudstone in water. In addition, the slag admixture can effectively reduce the water filtration, improving the film quality and reducing the consumption of bentonite. When the cutter head speed is less than or equal to 2.5 r/min, the formation rate of mud film is greater than or equal to the failure rate so as to ensure the stability of driving face. The mud swelling water ratio suitable for mudstone and gravel composite stratum (composite ratio: 0?1) is 0.1?0.20, the residue content is 100?200 g/kg, and the potassium methyl silicate is 3.75%?7.50%.     

基于多星融合高度计数据的中国海波浪能资源评估

Wave energy resources are abundant in both offshore and nearshore areas of the China's seas. A reliable assessment of the wave energy resources must be performed before they can be exploited. First, for a water depth in offshore waters of China, a parameterized wave power density model that considers the effects of the water depth is introduced to improve the calculating accuracy of the wave power density. Second, wave heights and wind speeds on the surface of the China's seas are retrieved from an AVISO multi-satellite altimeter data set for the period from 2009 to 2013. Three mean wave period inversion models are developed and used to calculate the wave energy period. Third, a practical application value for developing the wave energy is analyzed based on buoy data. Finally, the wave power density is then calculated using the wave field data. Using the distribution of wave power density, the energy level frequency, the time variability indexes, the total wave energy and the distribution of total wave energy density according to a wave state, the offshore wave energy in the China's seas is assessed. The results show that the areas of abundant and stable wave energy are primarily located in the north-central part of the South China Sea, the Luzon Strait, southeast of Taiwan in the China's seas; the wave power density values in these areas are approximately 14.0–18.5 k W/m. The wave energy in the China's seas presents obvious seasonal variations and optimal seasons for a wave energy utilization are in winter and autumn. Except for very coastal waters, in other sea areas in the China's seas, the energy is primarily from the wave state with 0.5 m≤H s≤4 m, 4 s≤T e≤10 s where H s is a significant wave height and T e is an energy period; within this wave state, the wave energy accounts for 80% above of the total wave energy. This characteristic is advantageous to designing wave energy convertors(WECs). The practical application value of the wave energy is higher which can be as an effective supplement for an energy consumption in some areas. The above results are consistent with the wave model which indicates fully that this new microwave remote sensing method altimeter is effective and feasible for the wave energy assessment.     

Land cover changed object detection in remote sensing data with medium spatial resolution

Land cover change information is crucial to analyse the process and the change patterns of environments and ecological systems. Recent studies have incorporated object-based image analysis for its ability to generate meaningful geographical objects into studies of change detection. In this research, we developed a systematic methodology to realise multi-type land cover changed object detection with medium spatial resolution remote sensing images in Beijing, China. Optimum index factor (OIF) was applied to determine the best change indicators and the chi-square transformation was carried out to determine the change threshold of the 4 classes of changed object. The clustering change vectors in the feature space were proposed to discriminate the change types. According to the accuracy assessment, the overall accuracy of changed/unchanged object detection was approximately 93.9% with an overall kappa of 0.824, and the change type discrimination also achieved an overall accuracy of 81.67%, indicating the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

道路网络示意图的多边形生长算法

道路网络示意图是实体网络的抽象表示,因其更加符合人的认知习惯,在地图服务与地图制图领域已得到初步应用。以路径为单位的网络示意图自动生成算法只顾及节点与线段的局部布置,且较难以维护网络拓扑一致性。本文以闭合多边形(网眼)为基本单位,利用网眼的独立性与邻接性,提出了多边形生长算法,核心思想是将道路网络分类为闭合多边形与非闭合线段,以闭合多边形提取、映射、优化为主线,辅助组合非闭合线段。算例分析验证,本算法在网络均衡分布及拓扑一致性方面具有优势。     

航空影像接缝线的分水岭分割优化方法

提出了一种基于自适应标记分水岭分割的航空影像接缝线优化方法。该方法利用分割区域差异确定接缝线优先穿越区域,然后在优先穿越区域中使用基于最小二叉堆的Dijkstra最短路径算法得到最终的接缝线。试验表明,本文方法获得的接缝线能很好地避开投影差较大的区域,与其他算法的比较也表明本文方法具有更好的效果和效率。     

基于时空轨迹数据的传染病传播风险评估

本文利用CRAWDAD提供的2009年10月份纽约市的出租车时空轨迹数据,依据复杂网络理论在城市交通网络中的应用,提出了一种方法求解出租车空间密度表示移动人群的时空密度变化,并用不同时段的平均速度表示人群的移动速度综合判定传染病在市内传播的高风险区域,重点分析了13时传染病传播的风险区位。通过建立空间密度与平均速度的二维特征空间,并将齐夫定律与能够遍历曼哈顿区的最大速度作为条件确定传染病传播的风险边界。结果反映在二维特征空间中,由最大遍历速度、安全行驶的空间密度临界值与数据上边界围成的三角区内节点对应的实际区位为传染病传播的高危区域。     

三维激光扫描点云混合像素的自动识别方法

混合像素的存在会给点云后续处理与应用带来干扰,针对如何在原始扫描点云中自动识别混合像素的问题,从扫描仪的工作原理着手分析了混合像素的形成条件,结合扫描仪的内部光电转换机制与真实扫描数据论证混合像素的测距误差分布规律,据此设计混合像素的自动探测方法。利用真实原始扫描数据进行实验,结果证明,文中方法能够准确地识别出点云中的混合像素。     

应用二阶Harris算子的高铁轨道近景影像特征点提取

由于轨道影像具有较高的灰度相似性,传统一阶Harris算法提取轨道影像特征存在时间效率低、特征点聚簇等负面问题,文章针对已有Harris方法的不足,提出了一种基于图像分块自适应阈值的二阶导数Harris特征点检测算法,采用自相关矩阵兴趣值识别轨道图像特征点,并分别对有砟与无砟铁路轨道影像开展特征点提取。实验结果表明,二阶Harris算子在轨道近景影像特征点提取方面具有较高的计算效率,所提取出轨道影像特征点满足均匀分布的空间特征,有效避免了传统方法特征点的聚簇现象。