Study on Multi-Parameter Seismic Observation Technique Based on Optic Fiber Sensing

”Deep well, wide band, multi-component comprehensive observation” is the development direction of seismic observation. In order to promote the application and development of underground integrated observation system, key technologies, such as high temperature resistance sensor, interference isolation of sensor unit and miniaturization of instrument, need to be developed. Optic fiber sensors have the advantages of small size, passive nature, resistance to electromagnetic interference, being easy to long distance transmission and multi-parametric network observation, which are expected to provide new technology for the comprehensive observation of multi-parameter earthquakes in deep wells. This paper proposed a comprehensive observation technique of seismic wave, crustal deformation and temperature. An integrated borehole seismic sensor based on fiber Bragg grating resonators was designed for measuring three-component earthquake, three-component crustal deformation and temperature signal. A new technique for simultaneous measurement of multi-parameters of temperature and strain of fiber based on effective cavity length was presented. The technique of high precision optical fiber signal demodulation based on single side band sweep laser and the design of multi-parameter integrated optical fiber probe were introduced. The resolution of strain and temperature measurement of the fiber multi-parameter sensor system reached 4.7 \times 10^-10 and 6×10^-5 ℃ , respectively. A comprehensive multi-parameter earthquake observation experiment was carried out at the seismic station. The results show that the integrated optical fiber multi-parameter seismic observation system can simultaneously record the earth tide signal, seismic wave signal and environmental temperature disturbance, and has good anti-environmental interference ability and long-term stability, which is expected to provide a new technique for crustal deformation observation.     

隧道-洞口滑坡体系受力特征及变形模式

随着我国高速铁路在西部地区的大规模建设,隧道在线路中所占的比例越来越高,洞口隧道在滑坡作用下产生的病害越来越严重。然而,我国目前在隧道-洞口滑坡体系设计中没有可供参考的受力变形模式,因此本文以隧道-洞口滑坡为研究对象,通过对云南功东高速公路中隧道-滑坡工程实例的总结及工程地质模型的建立,对滑坡推力作用下的隧道变形模式进行研究,得到如下结论:(1)将隧道-洞口滑坡分为与滑面相交和下穿滑体两种模式,与滑面相交的隧道直接受到剩余滑坡推力的作用,而下穿滑体的隧道主要承受附加荷载的影响;(2)位于滑体内隧道承受围岩压力、滑坡推力和岩土抗力的作用,可将洞口有刚性支撑的隧道-滑坡结构简化为简支梁,无刚性支撑作用下的隧道-滑坡结构简化为悬臂梁;(3)下穿滑体隧道在附加荷载的影响下,拱部承受多余的压力而受到偏压作用,拱顶形成受拉区域,出现拉张裂缝。     

浙西下寒武统大陈岭组地震液化脉微量元素特征研究

地震液化脉是地震作用引起的软沉积变形的重要构造之一,前人对脉体形态学和动力学做了大量的研究工作,但对其成因的微观地球化学行为研究较少。笔者采取开化裴岭脚剖面2期地震事件沉积的3套地震液化脉层样品21块,分别对其脉体和含脉体围岩做了微量元素分析。结果显示,液化脉中Cs、Ba、Th、Zr、Hf、Cr、Rb、Nb等反映陆源性质元素明显高于含脉体围岩,而Sr、Y、Ni反映海相沉积特征元素则表现为含脉体围岩高于脉体。通过对V、Mo富集度和微量元素特征参数Sr/Ba、Th/U等的综合研究,发现液化脉体表现为氧化环境,含脉体围岩为还原环境,且脉体和围岩均具有淡水作用特点。研究认为,早寒武世大陈岭期白云质灰岩沉积过程中有蚀源区陆源碎屑物的补入;在地震突发振动力作用下,富含水的软沉积层液化泄水,因化学沉积物和碎屑沉积物性质的差异,塑性碳酸盐沉积物随水部分流失,使得单位体积内碳酸盐沉积含量低于围岩,导致脉体中更富陆源物质;地震事件沉积层属潮上带,特别是地震液化泄水后期至成岩期,含地震液化脉沉积层曾暴露地表,受后期陆源物的再补给及大气降水淋滤蚀变作用影响,表现为古气候和古盐度异常,为浙西大陈岭组浅水沉积提供了地球化学的证据。     

高速公路缓倾红层软岩滑坡形成机制及防治措施研究

以缓倾红层软岩地区某新建高速公路路堑开挖滑坡为例,通过对该滑坡形成过程、致灾因素及变形机制进行分析,结果表明:前缘开挖临空条件、大气降雨是滑坡产生的主要因素,高边坡开挖形成临空面,降雨使岩体处于饱水状态,在裂缝扩张力及静水压力作用下,形成垂直裂隙并向岩体深部发展,剪断岩层局部层面结构面,最后贯通形成滑面滑动致灾。滑坡前缘反压堆载、后缘裂缝遮盖防雨,坡面截排水、位移监控等应急措施止滑效果较好,推荐采用支挡工程+清方方案处治滑坡。建议缓倾红层软岩边坡加固设计贯彻分级支挡思路,以提高边坡稳定性及施工安全性。     

新疆北山地区三架山韧性剪切带构造变形特征及控矿意义

为进一步查明北山造山带北缘三架山韧性剪切带的构造运动学特征及控矿意义,在充分收集前人工作成果的基础上,通过开展系统的野外地质调查工作,基本查明了韧性剪切构造带的空间分布、物质组成、力学性质,在充分分析研究典型构造现象的宏观及显微构造变形特征基础上结合韧性剪切带内卷入地层变质特征和剪切带内岩石组合特征,认为三架山韧性剪切带属中浅部构造相,总体上反应出逆冲—左行走滑的特征。结合带内已发现的产于前寒武系变质基底的铅锌矿和韧性剪切带内的金矿赋矿特征,认为该韧性剪切带对前寒武系变质结晶基底的活化、古生代火山—沉积盖层的改造起到了至关重要的作用,具有明显的导矿、控矿作用。     

基于堆积层厚度变化的侏罗系顺向岸坡变形机制转换研究

三峡库区侏罗系顺向岸坡堆积体滑坡众多,其滑动模式存在一定差异。首先统计分析了192个三峡库区侏罗系层位发育的堆积体滑坡滑体及碎石土的工程地质性质和强度参数。在此基础上,运用数值分析软件对堆积体厚度变化引起的滑坡变形机制进行模拟分析。结果表明:堆积体厚度范围在15m及以下滑坡会沿着岩土界线面滑动、15~35m时滑坡会沿着层内剪切面滑动;厚度范围在35m以上时,堆积体滑坡内部可能存在着多层滑带,即滑坡可能沿着层内剪切面滑动或者沿着岩土界线面滑动。堆积体厚度范围在15m及以下时滑坡的治理措施可采用布置抗滑桩;厚度范围15~35m时可采用排水+布置抗滑桩的滑坡治理措施;厚度范围在35m以上时,可采用滑坡前期监测预报+后期根据滑坡发育情况相结合的滑坡防治措施。     

考虑时空效应软土地区深基坑开挖变形分析

以天津软土地区某深基坑工程为背景,对基坑开挖过程中不同工况下支护桩深层水平位移、支护桩竖向位移、周边建筑竖向位移、周边地表竖向位移的现场监测数据进行归纳总结,分析其变化规律,对其所受到的时空效应的影响进行研究,研究结果表明:基坑开挖施工对支护桩及周边环境具有显著的时空效应影响,位移主要发生在土方开挖阶段,尤其是土方开挖阶段第三步,位移增量较大,变化速率较快,在基坑底板施工完成后,位移逐渐趋于稳定;支护桩深层水平位移呈现出"鼓肚"状变化趋势,位移最大值出现在开挖面附近;周边地表位移最大值点出现在距离基坑边6 m(即0.51H)位置处,位移变化曲线呈盆状,至基坑地下结构施工完成时,最大位移出现在DB2-3监测点,位移值为-22.7 mm,约为0.19H%;提出建议在基坑南侧和西侧采用桩锚支护结构取代原设计支护形式的优化措施,研究成果可为类似工程提供参考。     

袖阀管注浆在人工填土暗挖施工中的应用

阜石路分洪暗涵某暗挖段,浅涵暗挖洞身大部位于人工填土内,部分区域洞底人工填土厚度仍达2m。人工填土松散,自稳能力差,易发生塌落现象,不易成洞,施工难度大。为避免暗挖施工期间人工填土产生安全隐患并减少后期隧道变形,采用了袖阀管注浆技术对填土地层进行注浆加固,以确保工程施工安全及隧道工程质量&根据工程实施效果可见,袖阀管注浆加固对在人工填土中进行暗挖隧道开挖的沉降、变形控制的效果较好。     

The recognition of former melt flux through high‐strain zones

High‐strain zones are potential pathways of melt migration through the crust. However, the identification of melt‐present high‐strain deformation is commonly limited to cases where the interpreted volume of melt “frozen” within the high‐strain zone is high (>10%). In this contribution, we examine high‐strain zones in the Pembroke Granulite, an otherwise low‐strain outcrop of volcanic arc lower crust exposed in Fiordland, New Zealand. These high‐strain zones display compositional layering, flaser‐shaped mineral grains, and closely spaced foliation planes indicative of high‐strain deformation. Asymmetric leucosome surrounding peritectic garnet grains suggest deformation was synchronous with minor amounts of in situ partial melting. High‐strain zones lack typical mylonite microstructures and instead display typical equilibrium microstructures, such as straight grain boundaries, 120° triple junctions, and subhedral grain shapes. We identify five key microstructures indicative of the former presence of melt within the high‐strain zones: (a) small dihedral angles of interstitial phases; (b) elongate interstitial grains; (c) small aggregates of quartz grains with xenomorphic plagioclase grains connected in three dimensions; (d) fine‐grained, K‐feldspar bearing, multiphase aggregates with or without augite rims; and (e) mm‐ to cm‐scale felsic dykelets. Preservation of key microstructures indicates that deformation ceased as conditions crossed the solidus, breaking the positive feedback loop between deformation and the presence of melt. We propose that microstructures indicative of the former presence of melt, such as the five identified above, may be used as a tool for recognising rocks formed during melt‐present high‐strain deformation where low (<5%) volumes of leucosome are “frozen” within the high‐strain zone.     

Study on wetting deformation characteristics of coarse granular materials and its simulation in core-wall rockfill dams

The wetting deformation of coarse granular materials is often considered to be an important cause of the core wall rockfill dam cracks during impounding. By analyzing existing research results, this paper proposes a hyperbolic relationship between the wetting axial strain and wetting stress level and puts forwards a warped surface relationship among spherical stress, shear stress, and the ratio of wetting volumetric strain to wetting axial strain. To illustrate its practicability, the wetting strain model's parameter determination process is introduced and the rockfill materials wetting parameters are determined using the triaxial wetting test data. Moreover, the collapse settlement of Guanyinyan rockfill dam during first impounding is numerically simulated using the proposed method to calculate rockfill wetting deformation and verified by field measurements and monitoring data. The results show that the calculative method of wetting deformation proposed in this paper is reasonable and practical; the wetting deformation of upstream rockfill materials would cause an adverse deformation trend, which may lead to crack occurrence at the upstream slope and dam crest; and the Guanyinyan rockfill dam cracks on the top of junction mainly caused by the wetting deformation of upstream rockfill.