半刚性路面基层开裂的力学响应

采用有限元的方法,研究了半刚性路面基层开裂后路面结构的力学响应。研究认为,路表弯沉不能准确反映半刚性路面结构的破坏状态。基层横向开裂后,沥青面层的破坏主要受控于剪应力;基层底部裂缝两侧的纵向拉应力、剪应力迅速增加,将使横缝底部两侧形成严重破坏,这为水损坏后基层形成横缝处板底脱空,进而引起面层沿横缝两侧的开裂、沉陷留下了严重隐患。基层中各层的纵向开裂,不仅使得裂缝向上层进一步扩展,导致路面结构的总体纵向开裂,而且为横向的疲劳开裂创造了条件。当基层板块大于1 m×1 m的临界尺寸时,结构仍属于半刚性路面,当基层板块的尺寸小于此值时,路面结构的应力应变状态趋向于柔性路面。     

道路工程GPS平面控制网建网方法

以往GPS建立的平面坐标系属法线系统,而选线设计均在垂线和水准面为基准的坐标系统下进行,其数据未做两化改正而直接用于施工放样。为了消除因GPS引入线路勘测而引发的法线系统坐标系与垂线系统坐标系之间的矛盾,本文采用逆向两化改正的方法,从理论上提出了直接用GPS建立垂线和水准面系统下平面坐标系的技术路线,并推导出逆向两化改正及其精度评定公式。     

Inertial Instability of Arbitrarily Meandering Currents Governed by the Eccentrically Cyclogeostrophic Equation

Using natural coordinates, we have derived a criterion for the inertial instability of arbitrarily meandering currents. Such currents, governed by the eccentrically cyclogeostrophic equation, are adopted as the basic current field for the parcel method. We assume that any virtual displacement which is given to a water parcel moving in the basic field has no influence on this field. From the conservation of mechanical energy for a virtual displacement we derive an inertial instability frequency ω _m = [(f + 2u/r)Z]^0.5 for the eccentrically cyclogeostrophic current, where f is the Coriolis parameter, u the velocity (always positive), r the radius of curvature of a streamline (negative for an anticyclonic meander), and Z the vertical component of absolute vorticity. If ω _m ² is negative, the eccentrically cyclogeostrophic current becomes unstable. Although the conventional, centrifugal instability criterion, derived from the conservation of angular momentum in a circularly symmetric current field, has a certain meaning for a monopolar vortex, it contains a radial shear vorticity that is difficult to use in arbitrarily meandering currents. The new criterion ω _m ² contains a lateral shear vorticity that is applicable to arbitrarily meandering currents. Examining instabilities of concentric rings with radii of 50–100 km, we consider reasons why the anticyclonic supersolid rotation has been very much less frequently observed than the cyclonic supersolid rotation, despite a prediction of some common stability and a rapid change in radial velocity gradient for the former. Classifying eccentric streamlines into the large and small curvature-gradient types, we point out that the large-gradient curvature in anticyclonic rings is apt to be unstable. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Trial and Numerical Analysis of Specimen Pipelay

Subsea pipelay has a relatively long history. In recent years, there has been a domestic need for the laying of large diameter thin wall pipes. A land-based trial for the large diameter thin wall specimen pipe is described in this paper. Re-gression analysis is performed for the trial data and the formula derived can express the trial data very well. Numerical analysis is adopted to compute various trial conditions. Then the numerical model is revised with the trial results, which are consistent with each other. After summarization of the results of trial and numerical analysis, the characteristics are described of the spatial configuration during the laying of the pipe and it is concluded that the maximum strain appears around the center of the raised pipeline. In the end, a reference Standard, which limits the maximum stress below the yield stress is provided.     

地球生态系统的气温和水温补充机制

首次提出了地球生态系统的气温和水温补充机制,并用框图模型说明了补充机制在运行过程中的每个流程,阐明了人类对生态环境的影响过程、生态环境变化对地球生态系统的影响过程以及地球生态系统对环境变化的响应过程,解释了气温和水温的补充起因。研究结果表明,人类是引起环境变化的起源以及其变化后的结果又作用于人类,即人类排放二氧化碳引起气温和水温的上升,地球生态系统又借助其补充机制使得气温和水温下降恢复到正常的动态平衡。尽管这个补充机制带来了沙尘暴、洪水和风暴潮,但由人类引起水温和气温上升造成的灾害要比自然界中这3种灾害要深重得多。自然界的这3种灾害是局部的、短期的,而人类引起水温和气温上升的灾害却是全球的、长期的。     

济南边界层风廓线雷达与L波段雷达大风探空测风对比

基于相同站点的济南边界层风廓线雷达(WPR)和L波段雷达大风探空测风(以下简称LW)资料,采用相关、拟合、廓线分析等方法,系统地对比两者大风(≥10.8 m·s~(-1))数据的各统计特征、相关性、时空变化规律的异同。结果表明:(1)两者u分量、v分量、风向、风速的相关系数分别为0.973、0.965、0.994、0.665,标准偏差分别为2.04 m·s~(-1)、2.88 m·s~(-1)、10.82°、2.53 m·s~(-1),大风数据相关性总体较高,且相关系数风向优于风速的、降水样本优于非降水的,表明WPR观测大风数据可信、降水期间WPR水平大风数据可以使用。(2)两者大风风向、风速基本一致,但在低层差异较高层的大,尤其是340 m及以下高度层更显著,降水、非降水、全部样本在2980、1900、2740 m以下WPR风向值均略小于LW,而在1300、2740、1660 m以下WPR风速值均略大于LW。(3)两者资料互补性总体较好,大风风向、风速、v分量差值随高度变化符合对数律递增或递减规律,但u分量需分段拟合;在进行回归方程求算和资料互补时,应考虑差异随高度等的变化。     

融合多源测量数据的桥梁挠度异常探测方法

桥梁是一种重要的交通基础设施,保障了人员和物资的流动运输,桥梁安全状态监测至关重要。受桥梁自身承重、桥面移动荷载和环境温度等因素的影响,桥梁挠度不断发生变化,而挠度异常可能会引起桥梁的结构性损伤而产生安全隐患。针对目前挠度异常探测方法没有综合考虑其外部环境和挠度自身变化特征的不足,本文提出了一种融合多源测量数据的桥梁挠度异常探测方法。利用环境温度、桥面移动荷载及桥梁挠度计算多源测量数据特征并融合,通过随机森林分类模型识别异常挠度。试验结果表明,本文方法的异常探测精度达到88.18%,效果良好,并且优于其他典型机器学习模型,能够帮助桥梁管理部门及时发现桥梁挠度异常情况,从而提高桥梁维护管理水平。     

顾及测站点上重力场信息的大地水准面高的拟合方法

利用测站点上的重力测量信息,根据Bruns公式研究了大地水准面高的变化特性,得出垂线偏差是大地水准面相对水准椭球面倾斜的线性改正,重力异常是大地水准面相对水准椭球面弯曲的线性改正,以及地形起伏效应构成大地水准面高的二阶变化等结论。在此基础上,提出了顾及测站点上重力场信息的大地水准面高的拟合方法,并分析了该方法相对于二次曲面函数拟合的优越性。     

On the evaluation of deflections of the vertical using FFT technique

There exist three types of convolution formulae for the efficient evaluation of gravity field convolution integrals, i.e., the planar 2D convolution, the spherical 2D convolution and the spherical 1D convolution. The largest drawback of both the planar and the spherical 2D FFT methods is that, due to the approximations in the kernel function, only inexact results can be achieved. Apparently, the reason is the meridian convergence at higher latitudes. As the meridians converge, the ??,?λ blocks do not form a rectangular grid, as is assumed in 2D FFT methods. It should be pointed out that the meridian convergence not only leads to an approximation error in the kernel function, but also causes an approximation error during the implementation of 2D FFT in computer. In order to meet the increasing need for precise determination of the vertica deflections, this paper derives a more precise planar 2D FFT formula for the computation of the vertical deflections. After having made a detailed comparison between the planar and the spherical 2D FFT formulae, we find out the main source of errors causing the loss in accuracy by applying the conventional spherical 2D FFT method. And then, a modified spherical 2D FFT formula for the computation of the vertical deflections is developed in this paper. A series of numerical tests have been carried out to illustrate the improvement made upon the old spherical 2D FFT. The second part of this paper is to discuss the influences of the spherical harmonic reference field, the limited capsize, and the singular integral on the computation of the vertical deflections. The results of the vertical deflections over China by applying the spherical 1D FFT formula with different integration radii have been compared to the astro-observed vertical deflections in the South China Sea to obtain a set of optimum deflection computation parameters.     

同一个梦——环渤海城市圈的发展研究

依托首都铁路、航空枢纽的优势,天津又是全国最大人工海港,滨海新区,曹妃甸相继建成。秦皇岛、黄骅成为晋煤海运专运海港。营口、烟台、东营等港口各具特色,优势互补。大连、青岛分别辐射东北亚,大西北,与京、津互为崎角之势,形成向产业集群发展与区域大都市圈的优势组合。2005年跨越海峡的火车轮渡开始营运,海岸高速公路南北全线畅通,鸭绿江引水渡海方案,也在酝酿之中。渤海海上油气资源丰富,但污染严重,城市环境恶化,反差强烈,亟需加强区域协调,统筹兼顾,修复生态,共同实现繁荣富强、和谐宜居,创业环境之梦。