Spatial variations and temporal changes in potential evaporation in the Tarim Basin,northwest China (1960–2006): influenced by irrigation?

The spatial pattern and temporal changes in potential evaporation (1960–2006) were evaluated using data from 48 meteorological stations in the Tarim Basin. These stations are located in four typical landscapes with varying irrigation influences. Mean annual potential evaporation is low in stations in the mountainous regions, next in the large oasis regions with extensive irrigation and small oasis regions with restricted irrigation, whereas they are high in the desert regions. The spatial pattern of annual mean potential evaporation is owing to the aerodynamic term, while the radiation term is relatively constant in different regions. The significant levels of the trends in potential evaporation and the radiation and aerodynamic terms in different regions were detected using the non‐parametric Mann–Kendall test. More significant decreasing trends in annual potential evaporation with relatively constant radiation term were found in the oasis regions (especially the large oasis regions) than that in the mountainous and desert regions. In the large oasis regions, the pronounced decrease in potential evaporation is mainly attributed to the decrease in wind speed and the increase in relative humidity. The long‐term mean and annual potential evaporation with an almost constant radiation term were found to be complementary with actual evaporation influenced by irrigation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Retrieval of Substrate Bearing Strength from Hyperspectral Imagery during the Virginia Coast Reserve (VCR’07) Multi-Sensor Campaign

Hyperspectral imagery (HSI) derived from remote sensing can delineate surface properties of substrates such as type, moisture, and grain size. These are critical parameters that determine the substrate bearing strength. Although HSI only sees the surface layer, statistics can be derived that relate surface properties to the likely bearing strength of soils in particular regions. This information can be used to provide an initial map estimate on large scales of potential bearing strength. We describe an initial validation study at the Virginia Coast Reserve relating airborne HSI to in situ spectral and geotechnical measurements through a spectral-geotechnical lookup table (LUT).     

Secondary flow deflection in the lee of transverse dunes with implications for dune morphodynamics and migration

Measurements of lee‐side airflow response from an extensive array of meteorological instruments combined with smoke and flow streamer visualization is used to examine the development and morphodynamic significance of the lee‐side separation vortex over closely spaced transverse dune ridges. A differential deflection mechanism is presented that explains the three‐dimensional pattern of lee‐side airflow structure for a variety of incident flow angles. These flow patterns produce reversed, along‐dune, and deflected surface flow vectors in the lee that are inferred to result in net ‘lateral diversion’ of sand transport over one dune wavelength for incident angles as small as 10° from crest‐transverse (i.e. 80° from the crest line). This lateral displacement increases markedly with incident flow angle when expressed as the absolute value of the total deflection in degrees. Reversed and multi‐directional flow occurs for incident angles between 90° and 50°. These results document the three‐dimensional nature of flow and sand transport over transverse dunes and provide empirical evidence for an oblique migration model. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

激光动态弯沉测量系统

分析了当前国内外路面弯沉检测技术的发展现状,以及弯沉检测在实际应用中存在的问题和不足,介绍了激光动态弯沉测量系统的总体框架,数据采集流程,在后期数据处理上采用欧拉-伯努利方程反演计算得到路面的弯沉值,系统从本质上改变了传统的弯沉检测方法。     

A nonlinear function approach for the normalized complementary relationship evaporation model

A nonlinear function approach for the normalized complementary relationship evaporation model that is different from the methodology maintaining the symmetric complementary relationship with appropriate definitions of potential and wet‐environment evaporation is proposed and verified. This approach employs the definitions used in the advection‐aridity model, wherein the potential is estimated using the Penman equation. Normalized by Penman potential evaporation, the complementary relationship model is expressed as a function describing the relationship between the evaporation ratio (the ratio of the actual to the Penman potential evaporation) and the proportion of the radiation term in Penman potential evaporation. The new nonlinear function proposed in the current study is approximately equivalent to the advection‐aridity and the modified Granger models under conditions that are neither too wet nor too dry, but is more reasonable under arid and wet conditions. The new nonlinear function model performs well in estimating actual evaporation, as verified by the observed data from four sites under different land covers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地基SAR与地基RAR模式形变监测对比

采用地基SAR与地基RAR模式监测铁路桥在列车经过时的纵向垂直挠度形变,结果表明：1）2种模式提取的桥梁纵断面形变趋势与挠度基本一致,对应监测点的纵向垂直挠度形变精度最大偏差为1.85 mm,实现了桥梁的mm级形变监测;2）地基RAR模式数据处理快速简单,具有实时处理与直观可视化的精细形变表达能力;地基SAR模式数据量较大,数据处理存在一定的技术难度,但可同时反映面状整体形变趋势,具有全面捕捉形变的能力,也可提取特征点、线、面的形变量。     

利用多种测高数据反演中国南海海域重力异常

联合Geosat/GM、ERS-1/168和Envisat 3种测高数据,基于高精度地球重力模型EGM2008,采用垂线偏差方法和逆Vening-Meinesz公式,利用移去-恢复技术确定了中国近海及邻近海域(0°N～42°N,102°E～138°E)分辨率为2′×2′的重力异常.在中国南海海域,测高重力异常与船测重力...     

四川龙门山构造带活动的钟乳石记录

在四川龙门山地区开展构造地质调查过程中,沿龙门山构造带发现了大量灰岩及钙质胶结的砾岩溶洞,这些溶洞形成与构造带的分布密切相关,有些则直接发育在断裂带中。与其它地区溶洞所不同,发现这些溶洞顶部发育的钟乳石普遍发生了偏转现象,即钟乳石目前的最下部生长方向与铅直方向一致,而中部和上部石笋轴线明显与铅直方向存在一定角度的偏折,野外调查表明,沿龙门山构造发育的溶洞石钟乳及石笋的生长受断裂活动控制发生的明显的偏折和摆动现象,为研究龙门山构造活动特征提供了难得的实际材料。钟乳石生长轴线的偏转及AMS14C测年结果表明,龙门山构造带存在明显的周期性活动特征,已有的测年结果反映龙门山构造带于21.81 ka(或22.85 ka)、19.3 ka(或20.71 ka)处于构造活动期,显示了构造的幕次活动特征,测年结果记录到的幕次间隔期或周期为2.14~2.5 ka。结合地震分析,钟乳石生长揭示出石钟乳生长轴线的偏折是龙门山构造带幕次活动期短期内发生持续构造活动的结果,并导致在幕次构造活动期的短时段内伴生大量的地震等构造活动。     

钻孔岩心倾角与岩层真倾角的关系及应用分析

长期以来,钻孔岩心倾角仅用于计算岩煤层真厚度。为了能由此导出岩层真倾角更广泛的使用,作者查阅了相关书籍,未发现对岩心倾角概念以及其和真倾角间关系详细论述。经过深入研究和实践验证,发现岩心倾角与岩层真倾角是不同的概念且一般不相等,两角之间是一种复杂的函数关系。经过理论分析和实践验证,得出了钻孔岩心倾角和岩层倾角之间的函数关系式,并进行了相关的讨论和说明,为隐伏地区的地质勘查提供了直接的倾角参数,从而提高了钻孔资料的分析利用程度,对于正确分析煤岩层赋存状态与地质构造、提高地质成果的质量等方面有重要作用。