汶川震区狭陡型泥石流典型特征与防治

汶川MS 8.0强震发生6年来,震区暴发了数量众多、类型多样的泥石流灾害,其中一类可总结为"狭陡型泥石流",其特征指标及防治对策与震前常规泥石流存在显著差异,给灾后重建和灾害防治技术提出了新的命题。在对(极)重灾区泥石流活跃的五大片区(汶川、都江堰、绵竹、北川、安县)进行大量现场调查和资料分析的基础上,提出了强震区狭陡型泥石流的概念并给出定义,提炼了其在形成、活动及危害等方面的典型特征;通过工程实践,分析了其独特的治理难点及相应的防治对策,介绍了几项极具适应性和有效性的防治新技术,可为强震扰动区泥石流治理研究和工程设计提供一类新的思路和借鉴。     

条形基础下水平布置纤维增强聚合物筋材地基试验研究

纤维增强聚合物(FRP)具有耐腐蚀、耐水、耐高温、高强度、高弹性模量、质量轻等优点,将其用作加筋材料不仅能显著提高加筋地基的加筋效果,还能有效解决传统加筋材料的耐久性问题。分别对纯砂和5种水平加筋方式进行了加筋地基模型试验,测试了各级荷载下的地基沉降、FRP的应变及土压力数值,并初步探讨了FRP加筋的作用机制。试验结果表明,加筋能显著提高地基承载力和减小地基沉降,特别是双层水平加筋方式的加筋效果更加明显,而锚固件的设置对加筋效果的影响并不大,水平FRP筋材主要起到了土压力扩散作用。     

基于有限差分原理的预应力锚索抗滑桩改进计算方法

针对现有预应力锚索抗滑桩计算模型及其相应计算理论存在的问题,基于有限差分法的原理,提出了改进的锚索桩计算模型并进行了详细的理论推导。根据实际的施工和受力过程,该模型包括预应力施加和滑坡推力作用两个阶段,通过滑坡推力分布形式的改进和桩锚协调变形方程的修正来真实反映预应力锚索抗滑桩的主动式受力特点。同时利用Matlab编制成相应的计算程序进行算例验证,并同目前普遍采用的计算理论进行对比分析。结果表明,该改进计算方法及其相应的计算程序充分考虑了预应力施加这一锚索桩特有的过程所带来的影响,且在计算中不必将锚索拉力等效为在桩顶处施加的剪力和弯矩。另外还可对桩前滑面以上存在任意厚度滑体和任意复杂地基条件的情况进行合理地设计计算,相对于目前已有的计算理论,该改进方法更加合理、可靠。     

三层堤基中细砂层厚度对管涌影响的试验研究

对由弱透水黏土层、细砂层和强透水砂砾层组成的三层堤基进行了管涌发展的砂槽模型试验,为了便于观察分析,细砂层由各种颜色的细彩砂依次排列在砂砾石层上表面,通过改变彩砂层的厚度分析研究了不同细砂层厚度对管涌发生、发展机制及过程的影响。试验结果表明,三层堤基细砂层厚度的不同使管涌发生的临界水力梯度、涌砂量和通道发展的速度不同,与双层堤基有很大区别。临界水力梯度是由多种元素决定的,包括破坏土体的性质及其整体性等;细砂层的存在使流量在渗透变形初期对涌砂不敏感;在试验中发生的相同水位下多次间歇性涌砂,其原因一方面是颗粒在运动过程中发生堵塞,另一方面是通道边界的土体失去支撑发生应力释放,抵抗力随着时间逐渐减小。     

砂土地基的黏性特性及其有限元模拟

采用非线性弹塑黏性有限元法模拟了砂土地基变速率加载室内试验,再现了砂土地基荷载-沉降曲线对加载速率突变、砂土蠕变以及应力松弛等加载情况下的响应和瞬时黏性中砂土黏性随加载进行的衰减现象。在有限元分析中,以非线性三要素模型为理论框架构建了可以综合考虑砂土黏性特性的弹塑黏性本构模型,用动态松弛法进行有限元求解,最后通过有限元与室内试验的对比分析研究了砂土地基所具有的黏性特性,同时验证了非线性三要素弹塑黏性模型用于模拟砂土黏性特征的合理性和正确性。     

Generalized failure envelope for caisson foundations in cohesive soil: Static and dynamic loading

The response of massive caisson foundations to combined vertical (N), horizontal (Q) and moment (M) loading is investigated parametrically by a series of three-dimensional finite element analyses. The study considers foundations in cohesive soil, with due consideration to the caisson-soil contact interface conditions. The ultimate limit states are presented by failure envelopes in dimensionless and normalized forms and the effects of the embedment ratio, vertical load and interface friction on the bearing capacity are studied in detail. Particular emphasis is given on the physical and geometrical interpretation of the kinematic mechanisms that accompany failure, with respect to the loading ratio M/Q. Exploiting the numerical results, analytical expressions are derived for the capacities under pure horizontal, moment and vertical loading, for certain conditions. For the case of fully bonded interface conditions, comparison is given with upper bound limit equilibrium solutions based on Brinch Hansen theory for the ultimate lateral soil reaction. A generalized closed-form expression for the failure envelope in M–Q–N space is then proposed and validated for all cases examined. It is shown that the incremental displacement vector of the caisson at failure follows an associated flow rule, with respect to the envelope, irrespective of: (a) the caisson geometry, and (b) the interface conditions. A simplified geometrical explanation and physical interpretation of the associativity in M-Q load space is also provided. Finally, the derived failure envelope is validated against low (0.67 Hz) and high frequency (5 Hz) dynamic loading tests and the role of radiation damping on the response of the caisson at near failure conditions is unraveled.     

插桩过程对临近平台桩基础的影响研究

由于大型自升式钻井船的插桩位置通常距离海上钻井与采油平台较近,桩靴的插入过程可能会对临近平台的桩基础承载力和稳定性产生不利影响。以实际工程为背景,运用球孔扩张理论推导挤土效应产生的水平附加应力大小及其范围;提出一种近似考虑动力挤土效应的拟静力数值模拟方法,分析桩靴下沉到不同深度处时的桩基承载力、桩身应力和最大水平位移,并与静力分析结果进行对比。研究表明,桩靴插入过程对周围土体产生巨大的挤压和扰动作用,使得桩基承载力降低,桩身应力变大,最大水平位移增加;与静力法计算数值相比,由挤土效应导致的单桩承载力下降6%~8%,桩身应力增大30%~80%,桩身最大变形量增长1倍。     

移动荷载作用下Kerr地基梁稳态响应解答

研究Kerr地基上的均质Euler-Bernoulli梁在移动集中荷载作用下的稳态响应,分析有无阻尼存在时列车速度、地基压缩刚度、剪切刚度对Kerr地基梁挠度曲线的影响。计算结果表明,地基阻尼的存在能明显减少移动荷载引起的地基梁挠度,地基梁的挠度受地基压缩刚度的影响比剪切刚度更为明显。     

Monitoring and numerical analysis of behaviour of Miaojiaba concrete-face rockfill dam built on river gravel foundation in China

This study evaluated the behaviour of a concrete face rockfill dam (CFRD) built on river gravel foundation on the basis of in-situ measurement records and numerical analysis. The monitoring records were obtained from a detailed deformation-monitoring system. A 3D finite element analysis was performed to assess long-term dam behaviour. The behaviour of the CFRD built on river gravel foundation was analysed comprehensively. A discussion of behaviour, especially with relevance to the behaviour of dams built on stiff-foundation, was included. The effect of the river gravel foundation was analysed, and the exact mechanisms were discussed. The relative contribution of various factors on the long-term behaviour of the CFRD was also studied. In-situ measurements were compared with numerical results to discuss the capability of the numerical model to predict the dam behaviour.     

深井分层真空抽水试验及机理分析

基于某单井分层真空抽水综合试验,使用新型分层抽水试验装置,对试验方法进行技术改进,使分层抽水工作省时高效、安全可靠、经济实用。将该工艺方法监测数据与常规方法监测数据进行对比,研究地层、真空负压对抽水效果的影响,并对其机理进行详细分析,得出真空分层抽水井管周围渗流场的变化性状。对比试验表明,分层真空抽水工艺方法在提高单井出水量、洗井效果上具有明显优势。