Estimating the Correlated Observation-Error Characteristics of the Chinese FengYun Microwave Temperature Sounder and Microwave Humidity Sounder

In operational data assimilation systems, observation-error covariance matrices are commonly assumed to be diagonal.However, inter-channel and spatial observation-error correlations are inevitable for satellite radiances. The observation errors of the Microwave Temperature Sounder(MWTS) and Microwave Humidity Sounder(MWHS) onboard the FengYun-3A(FY-3A) and FY-3B satellites are empirically assigned and considered to be uncorrelated when they are assimilated into the WRF model's Community Variational Data Assimilation System(WRFDA). To assimilate MWTS and MWHS measurements optimally, a good characterization of their observation errors is necessary. In this study, background and analysis residuals were used to diagnose the correlated observation-error characteristics of the MWTS and MWHS. It was found that the error standard deviations of the MWTS and MWHS were less than the values used in the WRFDA. MWTS had small inter-channel errors, while MWHS had significant inter-channel errors. The horizontal correlation length scales of MWTS and MWHS were about 120 and 60 km, respectively. A comparison between the diagnosis for instruments onboard the two satellites showed that the observation-error characteristics of the MWTS or MWHS were different when they were onboard different satellites. In addition, it was found that the error statistics were dependent on latitude and scan positions.The forecast experiments showed that using a modified thinning scheme based on diagnosed statistics can improve forecast accuracy.     

基于对等网络技术的气象数据共享服务应用

气象数据共享业务广泛采用了单一资料源向各个目标节点分发的方式,针对这种共享业务的特点,设计并实现了一种基于对等网络技术的气象数据共享应用,提供资料源的共享发布以及节点间的共享访问功能。该应用通过搭建的仿真平台模拟实际业务应用,验证了在全国气象宽带网络上实现共享传输的可行性。在随后的小范围业务试验中进一步证明了该应用能够在特定的业务场景中不增加中心节点资源消耗而提升数据共享的传输效率。     

Ten Years of Science Based on the Canadian Precipitation Analysis: A CaPA System Overview and Literature Review†

Near real-time quantitative precipitation estimates are required for many applications including weather forecasting, flood forecasting, crop management, forest fire prevention, hydropower production, and dam safety. Since April 2011, such a product has been available from Environment and Climate Change Canada for a domain covering all North America. This product, known as the Regional Deterministic Precipitation Analysis, is generated using the Canadian Precipitation Analysis (CaPA) system. Although it was designed for near real-time use, an archive of pre-operational and operational products going back to 2002 is now available and has been used in numerous studies. This paper presents a review of the various scientific publications that have reported either using or evaluating CaPA products. We find that the product is used with success both for scientific studies and operational applications and compares well with other precipitation datasets. We summarize the strengths and weaknesses of the system as reported in the literature. We also provide users with information on how the system works, how it has changed over time, and how the archived and near real-time analyses can be accessed and used. We finally briefly report on recent and upcoming improvements to the product based, in part, on the results of this literature review.     

不同资料同化对登陆台风菲特(2013)短时预报的影响研究

为定量评估地面、探空、飞机报、卫星辐射亮温、雷达反射率及径向风等不同观测资料同化对台风预报性能的影响,本文以2013年严重影响我国的登陆台风菲特为例,利用WRF模式与GSI-3DVAR同化系统开展观测系统试验(OSE)研究,探讨了不同类型资料同化对"菲特"(2013)路径、强度、形势场和降水短时预报的相对贡献及可能影响机理。结果表明:(1)不同类型资料同化对模拟结果贡献程度有明显差别,其中探空、雷达反射率和飞机报对模拟结果有较大影响,分别"拒绝"这三种资料后模式模拟的高空各要素均方根误差分别上升约54.8%~62.0%、9.2%~16.5%和6.1%~6.4%。(2)对于不同的台风预报效果评估参数,各类资料的贡献率大小排序不同。对高空场和台风路径模拟影响较大的是探空和飞机报,对台风强度模拟影响较大的依次是雷达径向风、反射率、探空和飞机报,而对降水模拟影响较大的依次是雷达反射率、探空和飞机报。(3)各类资料对降水模拟的贡献率随时间变化不同。雷达反射率资料对降水的贡献随着模式积分时间明显下降,而飞机报、探空资料等对降水的贡献在模式积分3 h之后开始出现。(4)资料同化对降水模拟的改进与其对台风路径、水物质及强度模拟改进有关,因此影响高空场、台风路径和强度较大的雷达反射率、探空和飞机报资料,也是对降水模拟贡献较大的资料。     

非高斯分布观测误差资料的变分质量控制对暴雨预报的影响

观测资料的质量控制直接影响数值预报资料同化的分析质量。本文针对GRAPES区域同化和预报的三维变分资料同化系统,发展了基于观测误差为"高斯分布+均匀分布"模型的变分质量控制方案,讨论了该方案的初始启动和关键参数,并检验分析了其适用性与有效性。同时,以全球预报系统(GFS)资料作为背景场,利用探空、地面、船舶、飞机、云迹风等常规观测资料和COSMIC卫星反演资料进行同化和预报,分析了华南地区特大暴雨的个例试验和2013年8月共31 d的批量试验。试验结果表明:变分质量控制能够依据观测资料的不同质量对观测权重进行合理调整,对位势高度、气压、风、比湿的分析增量场和分析场改善显著,尤其在强降水区具有更加明显的效果;对降水落区、降水强度及中心位置的预报质量具有较好的提高,特别对暴雨、大暴雨等较大降水量级的预报能力反映出更好的改善效果,充分显示了变分质量控制在中小尺度剧烈天气过程中对同化分析和预报的重要作用。     

中等传输距离下的无线功率传输链路第1部分:实现工作状态最优化

中程无线功率传输（WPT）可以采用几种不同的方式实现,如通过电感或电容耦合、谐振或非谐振网络实现.本文主要研究了通过感应耦合谐振器实现的WPT链路,而且只着重研究了利用2个谐振器的链路（直接链路）并工作在主谐振频率下的情况.研究结果表明,当工作在主谐振频率下,可以根据网络参数来对传输效率或负载功率进行优化.     

区域台风-海洋耦合模式的构建及应用研究

由于海洋业务化预报模式对中尺度涡等海洋中、小尺度物理过程的准确预报仍然具有较大困难,因此,区域台风-海洋耦合模式初始化采用稳定基态的海洋数据是当前的有效手段。本文通过对两组台风个例的模拟,检验了基于稳定基态海洋数据的区域台风-海洋耦合模式的模拟效果,并通过6组敏感性试验,研究了初始台风最大风速半径（Radius of maximum wind speed,RMWS）对耦合模式模拟结果的影响。结果表明:初始台风RMWS的影响贯穿整个模拟阶段,RMWS越大,下垫面热通量输送量级越大,台风强度越强。在台风强烈的风场作用下,海温反馈也越显著,从而引起热通量降低幅度增大。RMWS作为与台风结构密切相关的物理量在度量台风强度中起到了重要作用。     

区域资料四维同化试验

根据国家气象中心有限区分析预报系统的基本方案，设计一个以6小时为周期的间歇区域资料四维同化方案，对我国的两次暴雨过程进行两种不同粗细水平分辨率的资料四维同化和短期模式预报的试验。结果表明，由同化方案初值获得的短期预报明显好于LAFS方案的预报结果，高分辨率同化方案对预报的改进更明显。     

Assimilation of Hourly Surface Observations with the Canadian High-Resolution Ensemble Kalman Filter

An hourly-cycling ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) working at 2.5?km horizontal grid spacing is implemented over southern Ontario (Canada) to assimilate Meteorological Terminal Aviation Routine Weather Reports (METARs) in addition to the observations assimilated operationally at the Canadian Meteorological Centre. This high-resolution EnKF (HREnKF) system employs ensemble land analyses and perturbed roughness length to prevent an ensemble spread that is too small near the surface. The HREnKF then performs continuously for a four-day period, from which twelve-hour ensemble forecasts are launched every six hours. The impact on analyses and short-term forecasts of assimilating METAR data is given special attention.

It is shown that using ensemble land surface analyses increases near-surface ensemble spreads for temperature and specific humidity. Perturbing roughness length enlarges the spread for surface wind. Given sufficient ensemble spread, the four-day case study shows that the near-surface model state is brought closer to surface observations during the cycling process. The impact of assimilating surface data can also be seen at higher levels by using aircraft reports for verification. The ensemble forecast verification suggests that METAR data assimilation improves ensemble forecasts of air temperature and dewpoint near the surface up to a lead time of six hours or even longer. However, only minor improvement is found in surface wind forecasts.