The shear strength of clay-filled bedding planes in limestones - back-analysis of a slope failure in a phosphate mine, Israel

The failure of a slope in a phosphate mine by shear-sliding along a clay-filled bedding plane in limestone, and by separation across a tension crack at the back, is back-analysed. The failure cannot be explained using laboratory measured values of the shear strength parameters. In order to simulate field conditions better two physical models of the bedding plane were prepared for testing under triaxial compression. Cylindrical cores with an inclined saw-cut discontinuity were filled with remoulded montmorillonite. It is shown that failure in the models initiates along the contacts between the clay infilling and the limestone boundaries, and not through the clay itself, as would be intuitively expected. Furthermore, it is argued that in the analysis of rock slope stability in general, and particularly in the case of clay-filled discontinuities, the influence of paleo-overburden stress on frictional resistance must be resolved before the appropriate constitutive law can be established for analysis.     

安徽南部黟县地质灾害特点及变形破坏模式

研究地质灾害特点及变形破坏模式是地质灾害防治的基础,具有重要的指导意义。本文基于安徽省南部黟县大量实地调查成果资料,从地形地貌、地层岩性、构造、水文特征等方面归纳总结了黟县地质灾害特点。研究结果表明,黟县地质灾害点多面广、规模小、发生频率高,沿溪沟和交通沿线分布,地质灾害类型与斜坡坡度、高度、和形态相关,地层岩性、结构、风化、节理裂隙等控制了地质灾害的类型及力学机制,降水对岩土体的软化、润滑、侵蚀作用是这些灾害的诱发因素。在深入分析基础上,建立了黟县地质灾害变形破坏的模式。     

Sedimentology,structure and age estimate of five continental slope submarine landslides,eastern Australia

Sedimentological and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) ¹⁴C data provide estimates of the structure and age of five submarine landslides (～0.4–3 km³) present on eastern Australia's continental slope between Noosa Heads and Yamba. Dating of the post-slide conformably deposited sediment indicates sediment accumulation rates between 0.017 m ka^–1 and 0.2 m ka^–1, which is consistent with previous estimates reported for this area. Boundary surfaces were identified in five continental slope cores at depths of 0.8 to 2.2 m below the present-day seafloor. Boundary surfaces present as a sharp colour-change across the surface, discernible but small increases in sediment stiffness, a slight increase in sediment bulk density of 0.1 g cm^–3, and distinct gaps in AMS ¹⁴C ages of at least 25 ka. Boundary surfaces are interpreted to represent a slide plane detachment surface but are not necessarily the only ones or even the major ones. Sub-bottom profiler records indicate that: (1) the youngest identifiable sediment reflectors upslope from three submarine landslides terminate on and are truncated by slide rupture surfaces; (2) there is no obvious evidence for a post-slide sediment layer draped over, or burying, slide ruptures or exposed slide detachment surfaces; and (3) the boundary surfaces identified within the cores are unlikely to be near-surface slide surfaces within an overall larger en masse dislocation. These findings suggest that these submarine landslides are geologically recent (<25 ka), and that the boundary surfaces are either: (a) an erosional features that developed after the landslide, in which case the boundary surface age provides a minimum age for the landslide; or (b) detachment surfaces from which slabs of near-surface sediment were removed during landsliding, in which case the age of the sediment above the boundary surface indicates the approximate age of landsliding. While an earthquake-triggering mechanism is favoured for the initiation of submarine landslides on the eastern Australian margin, further evidence is required to confirm this interpretation.     

九台地区岩质边坡稳定性及运动过程评价方法探讨

文章对九台地区岩质边坡的稳定性及运动过程进行了评价方法的探讨,通过岩质边坡的发育特征,分析了边坡失稳的原因,通过赤平投影图与离散元数值模拟对边坡的稳定性进行了分析,并对边坡崩塌的范围进行了预测,为边坡的稳定性计算提供借鉴参考.     

黄土区切沟对不同植被下土壤水分时空变异的影响

为掌握切沟对土壤水分时空变异的影响,选取水蚀风蚀交错区两个典型切沟样点为研究对象。采用时间序列分析和经典统计学方法,从土壤水分时间变化特征和空间分布格局两方面探讨。结果表明:距沟道不同距离下土壤储水量差异明显。300 cm处样点可作为测定尺度下土壤储水量平均值。土壤水分在垂直方向上的变异受植被特征影响,沟道影响较小。坡面土壤储水量的空间分布呈现不同的分布格局。坡顶风速大,土壤水分蒸发快,坡中处土壤储水量最高,为949.9 mm,距切沟越近土壤水分快速散失,坡下土壤水分接近4%,亏缺严重。杏树地土壤储水量远高于柠条地,柠条地土壤储水量分布较为单一。土壤蒸发、植被、沟道等因素使得坡面土壤水分分布更加复杂。     

玛湖凹陷西斜坡百口泉组砂砾岩储层储集空间类型及演化特征

玛湖凹陷西斜坡百口泉组储集岩以砂质细砾岩、中细砾岩、细砾岩以及含砾粗砂岩为主,储集空间类型多样、成因复杂,关于砂砾岩储层特征认识不清。通过薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、孔渗、流体包裹体等分析资料,对砂砾岩储层储集空间类型、主控因素以及演化特征开展了系统研究。结果表明:研究区百口泉组砂砾岩储层储集空间类型以粒内溶孔为主,次为剩余粒间孔以及粒间溶孔;沉积作用、成岩作用、异常高压以及早期油气充注是影响储层发育的主控因素,异常高压减缓了压实作用的进程,使部分原生孔隙得以保存,早期油气充注为溶蚀作用的发生提供了物质条件,加大了次生孔隙空间,改善了砂砾岩储层储集物性。     

露天煤矿边坡稳定性实例分析及优化设计

结合内蒙古某露天煤矿的边坡实例,综合运用现有的工程地质资料、理论分析以及计算等手段,对该露天矿边坡工程地质条件、稳定性进行了分析和评价,提出了优化设计方案和滑坡治理建议。最后,从技术和工程方面提出了露天矿边坡稳定性的防治措施。     

A Simplified Numerical Approach for the Prediction of Rainfall-Induced Retrogressive Landslides

Retrogressive landslides are common geological phenomena in mountainous areas and on onshore and offshore slopes. The impact of retrogressive landslides is different from that of other landslide types due to the phenomenon of retrogression. The hazards caused by retrogressive landslides may be increased because retrogressive landslides usually affect housing, facilities, and infrastructure located far from the original slopes. Additionally, substantial geomorphic evidence shows that the abundant supply of loose sediment in the source area of a debris flow is usually provided by retrogressive landslides that are triggered by the undercutting of water. Moreover, according to historic case studies, some large landslides are the evolution result of retrogressive landslides. Hence the ability to understand and predict the evolution of retrogressive landslides is crucial for the purpose of hazard mitigation. This paper discusses the phenomenon of a retrogressive landslide by using a model experiment and suggests a reasonably simplified numerical approach for the prediction of rainfall-induced retrogressive landslides. The simplified numerical approach, which combines the finite element method for seepage analysis, the shear strength reduction finite element method, and the analysis criterion for the retrogression and accumulation effect, is presented and used to predict the characteristics of a retrogressive landslide. The results show that this numerical approach is capable of reasonably predicting the characteristics of retrogressive landslides under rainfall infiltration, particularly the magnitude of each landslide, the position of the slip surface, and the development processes of the retrogressive landslide. Therefore, this approach is expected to be a practical method for the mitigation of damage caused by rainfall-induced retrogressive landslides.     

数字地貌晕渲光源的设置和应用研究

以晕渲中的几何光学原理为基础,利用坡度坡向计算格网点灰度的方法,对晕渲中的光源设置和应用情况进行研究,提出利用地貌特征设置和调整光源方位及个数的方法,并针对不同的数据情况分析了光源应用的情况,对几种光源的设置和调整应用情况进行了说明和实验。本文对数字晕渲中光源的设置和应用的研究,提高了晕渲中光源使用技术的灵活性,可以有效改善数字晕渲图的质量。     

利用偏度平衡自动提取机载LiDAR点云城区道路

针对机载LiDAR点云提取城区道路自动化程度低以及提取道路网不完整的问题,提出一种基于偏度平衡算法自动提取城区道路的方法。首先,计算末次回波点云中邻近点的坡度,依据城市道路设计标准选择坡度阈值,分离非地面点并获得初始道路点云;然后,利用偏度平衡算法计算出最优强度阈值,滤除非道路点,再结合道路与停车场的空间位置关系,通过点距精化初始道路点云;最后,对道路区域进行细化和平滑,得到道路中心线。通过定量分析及对比实验,该方法能够自动地从LiDAR点云中提取出较为完整的道路网。