Seismic performance of masonry walls retrofitted with steel reinforced grout

An innovative solution for the seismic protection of existing masonry structures is proposed and investigated through shake table tests on a natural scale wall assemblage. After a former test series carried out without reinforcement, the specimen was retrofitted using Steel Reinforced Grout. The strengthening system comprises horizontal strips of ultra‐high strength steel cords, externally bonded to the masonry with hydraulic lime mortar, and connectors to transversal walls, applied within the thickness of the plaster layer. In order to assess the seismic performance of the retrofitted wall, natural accelerograms were applied with increasing intensity up to failure. Test results provide a deep understanding of the effectiveness of mortar‐based composites for improving the out‐of‐plane seismic capacity of masonry walls, in comparison with traditional reinforcements with steel tie‐bars. The structural implications of the proposed solution in terms of dynamic properties and damage development under earthquake loads are also discussed.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Bidirectional behavior of unreinforced masonry walls

Most of the studies related to the modeling of masonry structures have by far investigated either the in‐plane (IP) or the out‐of‐plane (OP) behavior of walls. However, seismic loads mostly impose simultaneous IP and OP demands on load‐bearing or shear masonry walls. Thus, there is a need to reconsider design equations of unreinforced masonry walls by taking into account bidirectional effects. The intent of this study is to investigate the bidirectional behavior of an unreinforced masonry wall with a typical aspect ratio under different displacement‐controlled loading directions making use of finite element analysis. For this purpose, the numerical procedure is first validated against the results of the tests on walls with different failure modes conducted by the authors. Afterward, the response of the wall systems is evaluated with increasing top displacement having different orientations. A set of 19 monotonic and three cyclic loading analyses are performed, and the results are discussed in terms of the variation of failure modes and load–displacement diagrams. Moreover, the results of wall capacity in each loading condition are compared with those of the ASCE41‐06 formulations. The results indicate that the direction of the resultant force, vectorial summation of IP and OP forces, of the wall is initially proportional to the ratio of stiffness in the IP and the OP directions. However, with the increase of damage, the resultant force direction inclines towards the wall's longitudinal direction regardless of the direction of the imposed displacement. Finally, recommendations are made for applicability of ASCE41‐06 formulations under different bidirectional loading conditions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

ICT切片重构模型的剖切及应用

在ICT切片重构模型的可视化中,为了分析重构模型的任意截面形状,并且观察该截面的内部结构,需要对重构模型进行剖切.本文针对剖切提出一种简单方法,该方法利用剖切面对重构模型所在的立方体图像空间进行剖切,生成交点集合,然后将空间剖切平面映射到二维图像平面上,最后计算空间剖切平面图像的灰度值,得到剖面图像.通过剖面图像,可以直观地看到内部结构形状,为后续无损检测奠定基础.     

基于Drucker-Prager准则的扩孔器单齿正交切削岩土三维力学模型

扩孔器是定向穿越扩孔钻进阶段进行岩土切削的主要工具,合理的结构设计是提高扩孔时效、降低工程复杂问题出现几率的主要手段,且由于扩孔阶段是决定定向穿越工程工期的最主要阶段,因此,对扩孔器切削齿的切削效率进行深入研究是非常必要的。从单齿正交切削岩土的机制入手,综合考虑岩土与切削齿面之间的接触摩擦及岩土剪切区的剪切作用,分析了单齿正交切削岩土的力学特征,基于能够考虑中间主应力对岩土破坏影响的Drucker-Prager强度准则,推导了单齿正交切削岩土的主切削力与主切削力矩计算公式;在利用有限元计算程序对所推导公式进行验证的基础上,优选了剪切角计算模型,获得了不同岩土材料时的主切削力解析解,并分析了不同齿前角对主切削力的影响规律,从而获得单齿正交切削岩土的最优齿前角,为进一步研究扩孔器整体结构设计并针对不同岩土介质设计出适应性更强的扩孔器结构奠定基础。     

平缓反倾红砂岩高陡切坡的稳定性分析

以沪渝高速公路湖北段平缓反倾红砂岩为研究对象,在平缓反倾红砂岩高陡边坡中岩体易软化崩解。自然冲侵蚀形成的高陡山体卸荷变形可达几十毫米至近百毫米,卸荷变形破裂方向与构造节理重叠,使节理裂隙变宽,贯通性提高,为高陡坡体提供了顺坡向陡直破裂面。加之公路切坡卸荷变形和坡体软化变形,岩体软化后的变形模量下降约80%,卸荷变形和软化变形各有数毫米的变形量,与自然坡体卸荷重叠,使坡体变形进一步加大,使红砂岩坡体潜在不稳定性增大。同时地下水作用使卸荷裂隙充填一定高度的静水压力,还使岩体产生软化,岩块软化系数一般在0.3~0.7,导致岩体强度显著下降,30～40 m高的静水压力可使边坡的稳定性系数从开挖前的5.56降至1.96,开挖后从2.77降至1.07,这两方面的作用可使切坡后较稳定的反倾坡体变化到极限平衡状态,甚至失稳状态。因此,施工中要特别注意切坡后的即时加固,并采取措施防止卸荷裂隙中地下水聚积,减少地下水对坡体的软化。     

再论悬臂式抗滑桩合理桩间距的计算方法

为了进一步合理确定悬臂式抗滑桩桩间距,在对以往关于开挖边坡抗滑桩桩间距分析模型缺陷讨论的基础上,提出在抗滑桩桩后局部所形成的拱脚处,两侧土拱在此交汇形成的是倒梯形受压区。在计算确定悬臂式抗滑桩桩间距时,除满足桩间静力平衡条件、土拱跨中及拱脚处的强度条件等基本控制条件外,还需满足桩计算宽度条件、桩土变形协调条件等附加条件,得到了确定桩间净距的方程组,通过迭代试算可以求解。依托一工程实例,定量地说明了在其他因素不变的情况下,桩间净距随桩后土体黏聚力或内摩擦角的增大而非线性增大,且桩间净距受黏聚力的影响更为敏感,同时桩间净距随着桩后坡体推力的增大而呈非线性减小。所提出的方法除可用于黏性土外,还可用于无黏性土。     

油气沿不同时期断裂穿过泥岩盖层渗滤散失的地质条件及其识别方法

为了研究含油气盆地断裂发育区油气分布规律,在确定油气沿活动期和静止期断裂穿过泥岩盖层发生渗滤散失机理的基础上,针对油气沿活动期和静止期断裂穿过泥岩盖层渗滤散失的地质条件及识别方法进行了研究。研究结果表明：油气沿活动期断裂穿过泥岩盖层渗滤散失所需的地质条件是活动期断裂在盖层内上下连接分布,作为油气穿过泥岩盖层的输导通道;油气沿静止期断裂穿过泥岩盖层渗滤散失所需的地质条件是下伏储层油气剩余压力大于断层岩排替压力。通过比较泥岩盖层断接厚度与油气沿活动期断裂穿过泥岩盖层渗滤散失所需最小断接厚度的相对大小和下伏储层剩余压力与断层岩排替压力的相对大小,分别建立了油气是否沿活动期断裂和静止期断裂穿过泥岩盖层渗滤散失的识别方法,并将其应用于渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷南堡5号构造天然气能否通过活动期和静止期NP5 2断裂穿过东二段泥岩盖层渗滤散失的识别。结果表明：在断裂活动期,仅在L2和L8测线处天然气可以沿着NP5 2断裂穿过东二段泥岩盖层渗滤散失,其余测线处(L1、L3、L4、L5、L6、L7、L9)则不能;但是在断裂静止期,天然气不能沿NP5 2断裂穿过东二段泥岩盖层渗滤散失,与目前南堡5号构造东二段泥岩盖层之下已发现的天然气分布相吻合,表明这2种方法分别用于识别油气是否通过静止期断裂和活动期断裂穿过泥岩盖层渗滤散失是可行的。     

山地森林采伐作业的环境成本定量研究

在森林采运作业的成本核算中,不仅要考虑采运作业的各项劳动消耗和物化劳动,还应合理考虑到森林采运作业的环境成本.以天然林择伐试验样地的跟踪调查数据为基础,从涵养水源价值、保持水土价值、固碳释氧价值3方面对南方丘陵山地不同强度采伐经营的环境成本进行定量研究.结果表明,弱度择伐环境成本较小,仅1.7 元/m~3,中度、强度择伐环境成本分别为弱度的5.1、12.2倍,极强度择伐的环境成本最大,达到25.3 元/m~3,是弱度择伐的16.2倍;皆伐由于收获量大,其单位采伐量环境成本为弱度择伐的14.9倍,低于极强度采伐.研究结果有助于人们对林业生产的效益有进一步的认识,也期待能对继续本领域的研究有参考价值.     

In‐plane and out‐of‐plane behavior of confined masonry walls for various toothing and openings details and prediction of their strength and stiffness

Eight half‐scale brick masonry walls were tested to study two important aspects of confined masonry (CM) walls related to its seismic behavior under in‐plane and out‐of‐plane loads. Four solid wall specimens tested to investigate the role of type of interface between the masonry and tie‐columns, such as toothing varying from none to every course. The other four specimens with openings were tested to study the effectiveness of various strengthening options around opening to mitigate their negative influence. In the set of four walls, one wall was infilled frame while the other three were CM walls of different configurations. The experimental results were further used to determine the accuracy of various existing models in predicting the in‐plane response quantities of CM walls. Confined masonry walls maintained structural integrity even when severely damaged and performed much better than infill frames. No significant effect of toothing details was noticed although toothing at every brick course was preferred for better post‐peak response. For perforated walls, provision of vertical elements along with continuous horizontal bands around openings was more effective in improving the overall response. Several empirical and semi‐empirical equations are available to estimate the lateral strength and stiffness of CM walls, but those including the contribution of longitudinal reinforcement in tie‐columns provided better predictions. The available equations along with reduction factors proposed for infills could not provide good estimates of strength and stiffness for perforated CM walls. However, recently proposed relations correlating strength/stiffness with the degree of confinement provided reasonable predictions for all wall specimens. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

截齿破岩机制及截线间距优化试验研究

根据截齿侵入岩石的断裂特征和相关试验数据,分析了破岩机制及不同截线间距对破岩效果的影响。在单刀旋转截割试验平台上,以不同切削深度和截线间距进行组合试验,并结合比能耗、粗度指数及截割载荷3个评价指标,对截线间距进行优化,研究截割该类型砂岩时截线间距与切削深度的最佳比值。试验结果表明,岩石在单齿旋转截割作用下的破碎过程大致可以分为初始压碎区细粒岩屑生成、密实核形成并储能、各向裂纹的扩展与连通、断裂体崩落、二次压碎区细粒岩屑生成5个阶段,且岩屑的断裂是以拉伸为主并伴随着挤压和剪切的共同作用;在最佳截割条件下,粗度指数较高,岩屑成块率增加,且比能耗低。通过分析岩石破碎过程及对截线间距的优化,可为掘进机破岩机制研究及截齿布置提供参考。