Textural evidence for dilatant (shear thickening) rheology of magma at high crystal concentrations

Investigation of the rheology of magmas at high crystal concentrations by experimental means has proved problematic. An alternative approach is to study textures of igneous rocks that not only preserve evidence of the kinematics of magma flow, such as flow direction, but can also preserve evidence of rheology. Flow textures in multiply intruded trachyte dykes on Fraser Island, eastern Australia record evidence of dilatant flow during solidification. This conclusion is reached by interpretation of microscopic ductile shear zones that disrupt the groundmass of aligned feldspar laths. Detailed three-dimensional investigation demonstrates that the dihedral angle between conjugate micro-shear zones is approximately 65°. This conjugate angle is equivalent to that observed in dilatant granular materials such as sand. Dilatant behaviour is synonymous with shear thickening rheology indicating that the magma flow is time-dependent and resists high flow rates. Some of the dykes contain autobrecciation fragments that may represent localities where the ductile flow rate threshold was exceeded. Newtonian or pseudoplastic (shear thinning) rheology of crystal-poor magmas must progressively give way to shear thickening rheology during cooling and increasing crystal concentration.     

Octahedral cation ordering in olivine at high temperature. I: in situ neutron single-crystal diffraction studies on natural mantle olivines (Fa12 and Fa10)

Crystallographic determinations on natural olivine single crystals of mantle composition and origin, carried out by in situ neutron diffraction at high temperature, show that the octahedrally co-ordinated Fe²⁺ and Mg cations undergo two successive trends of cation ordering with increasing temperature. An initial slight preference of Fe²⁺ for site M1, up to a temperature of about 850?°C, is followed by a reverse-ordering reaction with a site preference exchange between the two cations. The cross-over between the two regimes of ordering, corresponding to a situation of complete disorder, occurs at about 900?°C. Above this temperature Fe²⁺ progressively and strongly segregates into site M2 up to 1300?°C, the practical limit of the experimental setup utilized in the experiments. Care was taken to ensure that no chemical changes occurred in the crystals (i.e. oxidation), as testified by Mössbauer spectroscopy determinations carried out before and after the heat treatment. The cation-ordering behaviour is reflected in temperature-dependent changes of geometrical and atomic displacement parameters occurring in the octahedral sites M1 and M2. A thermodynamical explanation of this behaviour is proposed in terms of a prevailing vibrational contribution to entropy.     

草莓红绿柱石(Pezzottaite)的晶体结构测定及其意义

利用CCD单晶衍射仪对草莓红绿柱石进行晶体结构测定,测定其空间群为R3c,并讨论了结构中Li 有序地置换Be2 造成c/a值的变化特征。晶体中发现复三方偏三角面体的负晶包裹体,其宏观对称属m,它与空间群Rc相对应,但与测出晶体结构的空间群有矛盾。X射线结构测定已否定了其空间群为Rm的看法。要解决草莓红绿柱石晶体空间群是否有对称中心(Rc或Rc)的问题,还需进一步将X射线结构的数据及其有关的电性实验结合分析。     

内蒙古苏尼特左旗地区堆晶角闪辉长岩的发现及地质意义

通过详细的野外工作和室内研究，发现苏尼特左旗附近较广泛地分布有一种主要由角闪石和外长石组成的堆晶岩，其化学成分属基性岩范畴，可定名为堆晶角闪辉长岩。这类岩体具清楚的层状构造、堆晶结构．岩石化学成分、稀土元素、结构和构造等特征均表明，该类岩石是由富水的拉斑玄武岩浆经分离结晶作用形成的，是造山带火成岩组合中的一个主要组成部分，形成于造山构造岩浆旋回的早期阶段。     

铜改性坡缕石的结构特征与抗菌性能研究

采用液相离子交换法制备了铜改性坡缕石,通过正交实验得到的最佳改性工艺条件为:母液初始浓度为0.02 mol/L,反应温度95℃,常压,反应时间6 h。所制备的Cu2 改性坡缕石对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌48 h抑菌率分别达到了87.3%和82.2%。对铜改性坡缕石的晶体结构特征和微观形貌的测定和分析结果表明,铜改性坡缕石仍然保持着坡缕石的基本晶体结构,但结晶度有所降低,晶体颗粒更易分散,单晶表面略显粗糙,单晶的长度有所变小。     

二轴晶临界干涉图的发现及其消光影特征

在偏光显微镜的锥光系统中,垂直二轴品光率体─—圆切面与光轴面交线的切面干涉图此处定义为临界干涉图。结合球面和平面解析法可以证明,这种干涉图消光影一般为双曲线形,但具体形状与晶体2V角及从0°位置（光轴面平行上或下偏光镜振动方向）旋转的角度有关。它与已知其它切面干涉图的最大区别是,当晶体从0°位置旋转45°时,消光影为一条与目镜横丝或纵丝夹45°角的直线,它到视域中心的距离随晶体2V角的减小而加大,因而在特定物镜数值孔径和晶体折射率的情况下,只有较大2V角晶体的这条消光影才会处在视域之内。在观察橄榄石和角闪石晶体临界干涉图时证实了它的上述特性。     

新矿物——罗布莎矿的晶体结构精修

利用微量衍射方法得到的粉晶衍射数据和Rietveld全谱拟合方法精修了合金新矿物罗布莎矿(β-FeSi2)的晶体结构,新矿物计算理论分子式为Fe0.83Si2.00,属斜方晶系,空间群为Cmca,a=0.98362 nm,b=0.78301 nm,c=0.78655 nm,z=16。结构精修发现Fe有明显的占位不足,并且这种不足只表现在Fe2位置上,结构中Fe2有明显的空位缺席构造特征。     

金矿中的黄铁矿标型特征

黄铁矿是金矿中最常见的金属矿物,它不仅与金的矿化有着密切联系,而且还是主要的载金矿物.通过对黄铁矿的形态、物性、主成分及微量元素等标型特征的研究,可反映金矿床的不同成因,也是预测成矿远景地段、指导深部找矿的有效方法之一.文章对黄铁矿在金矿中的标型特征进行了归纳总结,以期对金矿床的勘探有一定的指导意义.     

坡缕石精细鉴定的粉末X射线衍射法

对安徽官山两个含镁量不同的坡缕石进行了粉末X射线衍射(XRD)分析,结果表明其中富镁者为正交晶系、贫镁者为单斜晶系矿物,细化了判别坡缕石晶系的X射线粉末衍射标志。在排除石英和蒙脱石或伊利石的影响后,若图谱中出现d值为0.446 nm和0.428 nm的衍射线,则可认为在该凹凸棒粘土中含有正交晶系坡缕石。晶胞参数计算结果亦表明富镁坡缕石为一正交晶系坡缕石,贫镁坡缕石为一单斜晶系坡缕石。     

兴安石的晶体结构

兴安石是我国新发现的一种富含稀土、铍的硅酸盐新矿物,其理想的化学式为(Y,Ce)BeSiO_4(OH)。该矿物属于单斜晶系,利用四圆单晶衍射仪收集强度数据,测得α=4.7681±0.00263,b=7.6757±0.00686,c=9.9301±0.00639;α=90°,β=90.17°±0.053°,γ=90°;空间群为P2_1/c;Z=4。利用直接法及电子密度函数法测定了晶体结构,经最小二乘修正,最后的偏离因子R=0.086。 结构测定结果证实兴安石具有硅硼钙石的结构类型,与羟磷铍钙石,硅铍钇矿等均属同构似型矿物。