南极威德尔海海冰晶体类型分析

为了解南极威德尔海不同区域海冰形成过程,分析了2006年9—10月威德尔海海冰调查中的27支冰芯晶体并描述了冰芯反映的冰层形成过程;给出2支完整冰芯晶体照片和多边形晶体雪冰照片,以及对应照片的冰层描述和冰盐度、密度、粒径。根据冰芯晶体揭示的海冰形成过程,发现尽管现场考察均选择较大表面平整的浮冰作业,但冰芯晶体揭示出实际冰层可以是受动力和热力联合作用形成的重叠冰、固结冰脊、二年冰;而从表面到底面属于纯热力学生长形成的冰层所占比例较小。积雪经过密实和水分参与,再冻结形成多边形晶体雪冰也是南极海冰主要组成之一。粒状晶体、过渡区混合晶体和柱状晶体海冰分别占27支冰芯总长度的28.7%、14.4%和55.2%。海冰的区域分布表现出海冰边缘区以纯热力学生长的一年冰为主;在冰架前缘,受动力作用形成的重叠冰和固结冰脊的比例增加,并且存在二年冰和多边形晶体雪冰;冰间湖内生长有大面积纯热力学生长的海冰并向外输送。     

TDT-25型地温传感器的设计

介绍了专用于地震前兆观测的TDT—25型地温传感器的设计原理及其各个功能模块的工作原理。文章还给出了该地温传感器的测试结果和应用图例，证明该传感器完全满足地震前兆观测的需要。     

High-pressure phase transformations of FeS: Novel phases at conditions of planetary cores

Iron sulfide (FeS) was investigated using first-principles calculations up to a pressure of 400 GPa. A number of new phase transitions were found. An antiferromagnetic MnP-type structure, FeS II, was confirmed to be stable at low pressures, whereas at high pressures (40–135 GPa) we find a new stable phase, with a non-magnetic MnP-type structure, FeS VI. The observed first-order change in the cell shape between the two phases can be explained by the difference in magnetic configurations. The calculated cell parameters, atomic coordinates, and bulk modulus of non-magnetic MnP-type phase are consistent with those determined from experiment. The upper pressure limit of the stability of the non-magnetic MnP-type phase was calculated to be 135 GPa. A hitherto unsuspected phase transition from the non-magnetic MnP-type to a phase with Pmmn symmetry, FeS VII, was identified using the evolutionary crystal structure prediction (USPEX) method. The structure of the Pmmn phase has no known analogues, but can be described as a distortion of the NaCl-type structure. The Pmmn phase with the distorted NaCl-type structure is stable from 135 GPa at least up to 400 GPa. According to previous experiments and the present study, the transition sequence of FeS at low temperatures is as follows: troilite ➔ antiferromagnetic MnP-type phase ➔ monoclinic phase ➔ non-magnetic MnP-type phase ➔ Pmmn phase. The calculated volume reduction from the monoclinic to the non-magnetic MnP-type phase is 1.0% at 40 GPa, which is in good agreement with experimental observations. The calculated volume reduction from the non-magnetic MnP-type to the Pmmn phase is 3.7% at 135 GPa.     

Three magmatic components in the 1973 eruption of Eldfell volcano,Iceland: Evidence from plagioclase crystal size distribution (CSD) and geochemistry

The 1973 eruption of Eldfell volcano, Iceland, appears to have been a short, simple event, but textural and geochemical evidence suggest that it may have had three different magmatic components. The first-erupted fissure magmas were chemically evolved, rich in plagioclase (∼ 18%) and had shallow, straight crystal size distribution (CSD) curves. The early lavas were less evolved chemically, had lower plagioclase contents (∼ 13%) and steeper, slightly concave up CSDs. The late lavas were chemically similar to the early lavas, but even richer in plagioclase than the initial magmas (∼ 24%) and had the steepest CSDs. There was no chemical evidence for plagioclase fractionation, but compositional diversity could be produced by clinopyroxene fractionation which must have occurred at depth. We propose that the eruption started with old, coarsened (Ostwald ripened) magma left over from a previous eruption, possibly that which produced Surtsey Island ten years earlier. The early flows may be mixtures of small amounts of this old magma with a new, low crystallinity, uncoarsened magma or a completely new magma. The late flows are another new magma from depth, chemically similar to the early flows, but which has grown plagioclase under increasing saturation (undercooling) perhaps during its ascent. All three magmatic components may have originated from the same parent, but had varying degrees of clinopyroxene fractionation, plagioclase nucleation and growth, and coarsening.     

内核地震波速各向异性的成因

地球内核是轴对称各向异性的,其对称轴与地球的极轴之间有１１°左右的夹角,本 文根据地球内核相对于外部地球有差异转动这一观测结果,利用晶体生长理论,对内核地震波 速度各向异性的成因进行了探讨．当从熔融状态结晶时,晶体的生长速度与晶体和熔融态之 间相对运动的线速度成正比涸此当固态内核在液态外核中生长时,沿赤道方向的生长速度比 两极方向快．在万有引力场的作用下内核始终保持近似球形,生长速度较快的赤道附近的物 质会向两极区域流动,形成轴对称的流变场。这一轴对称的流变场伴随着轴对称的应力场,使 得构成地球内核的ｈｃｐ型铁晶体的ｃ轴沿着内核自转轴的方向排列,导致观测到的地球内核地 震波速度各向异性。作为推论,内核相对于外部地球可能同时存在着进动和章动。     

双能CT彩色编码技术对痛风患者尿酸盐沉积的应用价值研究

目的:探讨双源双能量CT(DECT)彩色编码技术对痛风患者不同临床时期尿酸盐结晶与血尿酸的关系,进而评估双能CT成像在痛风筛查中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析120例高尿酸血症或痛风患者的双能CT成像特点及临床资料,根据临床分期分为两组,男92例,女28例;对照组为非痛风患者30例,男26例,女4例。所有患者手、足均行DECT非增强扫描,薄层重组后将原始数据传至MMWP工作站选择Dual Energy GOUT软件,进行影像后处理,比较痛风患者两期尿酸盐沉积的差异与尿酸值相关性,以及DECT检测尿酸盐沉积部位与临床评估的差异。采用t检验、χ2检验、Fisher精确概率进行统计学分析。结果:三组性别及年龄比较,差异无统计学意义(P_年龄=0.236,P_性别=0.613,P>0.005)。高尿酸组尿酸盐沉积量明显高于尿酸正常组,两组有显著统计学意义(P=0.000,P<0.001);痛风组检出率与对照组相比,差异有显著统计学意义(P=0.000,P<0.001)。结论:DECT成像技术对尿酸盐结晶沉积有很好的显示能力,对高尿酸血症、痛风早期、疑似痛风患者均有较高的检出率,可作为痛风筛选的常规检查项目,具有较高的临床应用价值。      

Role of olivine cumulates in destabilizing the flanks of Hawaiian volcanoes

The south flank of Kilauea Volcano is unstable and has the structure of a huge landslide; it is one of at least 17 enormous catastrophic landslides shed from the Hawaiian Islands. Mechanisms previously proposed for movement of the south flank invoke slip of the volcanic pile over seafloor sediments. Slip on a low friction décollement alone cannot explain why the thickest and widest sector of the flank moves more rapidly than the rest, or why this section contains a 300 km³ aseismic volume above the seismically defined décollement. It is proposed that this aseismic volume, adjacent to the caldera in the direction of flank slip, consists of olivine cumulates that creep outward, pushing the south flank seawards. Average primary Kilauea tholeiitic magma contains about 16.5 wt.% MgO compared with an average 10 wt.% MgO for erupted subaerial and submarine basalts. This difference requires fractionation of 17 wt.% (14 vol.%) olivine phenocrysts that accumulate near the base of the magma reservoir where they form cumulates. Submarine-erupted Kilauea lavas contain abundant deformed olivine xenocrysts derived from these cumulates. Deformed dunite formed during the tholeiitic shield stage is also erupted as xenoliths in subsequent alkalic lavas. The deformation structures in olivine xenocrysts suggest that the cumulus olivine was densely packed, probably with as little as 5–10 vol.% intercumulus liquid, before entrainment of the xenocrysts. The olivine cumulates were at magmatic temperatures (>1100°C) when the xenocrysts were entrained. Olivine at 1100°C has a rheology similar to ice, and the olivine cumulates should flow down and away from the summit of the volcano. Flow of the olivine cumulates places constant pressure on the unbuttressed seaward flank, leading to an extensional region that localizes deep intrusions behind the flank; these intrusions add to the seaward push. This mechanism ties the source of gravitational instability to the caldera complex and deep rift systems and, therefore, limits catastrophic sector failure of Hawaiian volcanoes to their active growth phase, when the core of olivine cumulates is still hot enough to flow.     

场分立体显示系统的硬件实现

根据双摄像机的几何模型,提出了一套双眼立体显示系统的设计方案——场分立体视觉系统。硬件采用流行的PCI总线与计算机相连,能够实时获取2个摄像机图像,并能按双眼成像要求的频率工作,产生一个增强的三维世界。     

半导体激光端面泵浦Nd:YVO4/KTP固体激光的实验研究

搭建了一套以中心输出波长为808.5 nm的半导体激光端面泵浦Nd:YVO₄激光晶体产生1 064 nm红外激光,然后以腔内KTP晶体倍频的方法将红外激光倍频为532 nm绿光激光的固体激光实验系统,研究了808.5 nm的泵浦半导体激光的输出功率与注入电流的关系及与532 nm绿光输出功率的关系,以及KTP倍频晶体的相位匹角、泵浦光的聚焦位置和固体激光器的腔长等因素对532 nm绿光输出功率的影响.实验结果表明:提高泵浦半导体激光的泵浦功率、缩短固体激光器的腔长、将泵浦光聚焦到Nd:YVO₄晶体内部以及正确选择KTP晶体的相位匹配角能够提高532 nm绿光的输出功率.     

Crustal and upper mantle structure of stable continental regions in North America and northern Europe

From an analysis of many seismic profiles across the stable continental regions of North America and northern Europe, the crustal and upper mantle velocity structure is determined. Analysis procedures include ray theory calculations and synthetic seismograms computed using reflectivity techniques. TheP wave velocity structure beneath the Canadian Shield is virtually identical to that beneath the Baltic Shield to a depth of at least 800 km. Two major layers with a total thickness of about 42 km characterize the crust of these shield regions. Features of the upper mantle of these region include velocity discontinuities at depths of about 74 km, 330 km, 430 km and 700 km. A 13 km thickP wave low velocity channel beginning at a depth of about 94 km is also present.A number of problems associated with record section interpretation are identified and a generalized approach to seismic profile analysis using many record sections is described. TheS wave velocity structure beneath the Canadian Shield is derived from constrained surface wave data. The thickness of the lithosphere beneath the Canadian and Baltic Shields is determined to be 95–100 km. The continental plate thickness may be the same as the lithospheric thickness, although available data do not exclude the possibility of the continental plate being thicker than the lithosphere.