Generation of high spatial and temporal resolution NDVI and its application in crop biomass estimation

Abstract

While data like HJ-1 CCD images have advantageous spatial characteristics for describing crop properties, the temporal resolution of the data is rather low, which can be easily made worse by cloud contamination. In contrast, although Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) can only achieve a spatial resolution of 250 m in its normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) product, it has a high temporal resolution, covering the Earth up to multiple times per day. To combine the high spatial resolution and high temporal resolution of different data sources, a new method (Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Vegetation index Fusion Model [STAVFM]) for blending NDVI of different spatial and temporal resolutions to produce high spatial–temporal resolution NDVI datasets was developed based on Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model (STARFM). STAVFM defines a time window according to the temporal variation of crops, takes crop phenophase into consideration and improves the temporal weighting algorithm. The result showed that the new method can combine the temporal information of MODIS NDVI and spatial difference information of HJ-1 CCD NDVI to generate an NDVI dataset with both high spatial and high temporal resolution. An application of the generated NDVI dataset in crop biomass estimation was provided. An average absolute error of 17.2% was achieved. The estimated winter wheat biomass correlated well with observed biomass (R ² of 0.876). We conclude that the new dataset will improve the application of crop biomass estimation by describing the crop biomass accumulation in detail. There is potential to apply the approach in many other studies, including crop production estimation, crop growth monitoring and agricultural ecosystem carbon cycle research, which will contribute to the implementation of Digital Earth by describing land surface processes in detail.     

基于气象干旱综合监测指数(MCI)的陕西省干旱灾害风险评估与区划北大核心CSCD

利用陕西省94个国家气象站1961—2018年逐日气象资料,根据干旱灾害气候背景和社会经济环境,结合灾害风险评估相关理论方法,选取致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境脆弱性、承灾体暴露度、防灾减灾能力4个方面指标,建立干旱灾害风险评估指数,基于GIS平台,对陕西省不同季节进行干旱灾害风险区划。结果表明:(1)陕西各区域干旱致灾因子危险性季节差异明显,陕北北部除夏季外各季节干旱危险性较高,关中地区易发生伏旱。陕南的汉中各季节干旱危险性均较大,安康东部和商洛各季节干旱危险性则较小。(2)春季、夏季和秋季,陕南的汉中平原及安康的汉江河谷地带,关中的西安和渭南地区,陕北北部榆林地区为干旱孕灾环境高脆弱性区或较高区;冬季陕南大部、秦岭地区的高脆弱性区较其他三季范围有所减小;海拔较高的秦岭山地,关中平原和陕北北部各季节皆为低脆弱性或较低脆弱性地区。(3)承灾体暴露度的高风险区主要分布于关中地区。(4)全省抵御干旱风险能力最高地区为陕北黄河沿线、关中各地的城镇地区。(5)干旱灾害综合风险的高风险区主要在陕南巴山地区、秦岭南北两侧、陕北南部,陕南汉江平原、关中平原及陕北延安、榆林等地为干旱较低、低风险区。     

层状盐岩中储备库油气渗漏风险的故障树分析

油气渗漏是盐岩地下储备库事故的重要类型之一,具有突发性强、损失难以估计的特点。针对国内层状盐岩中储备库运营过程中的油气渗漏风险进行分析,揭示了油气渗漏事故的发生机制并建立了相应的故障树模型。通过对该模型的分析,找出了事故发生的各基本致因事件和故障模式,并得出适用于典型层状盐岩储备库油气渗漏事故的发生概率公式。分析结果表明,国内层状盐岩中储备库发生油气渗漏事故的可能故障模式有28种,且发生条件易于满足而难于防范,因此事故发生的可能性较大;按照各基本事件结构重要度的计算结果,盐岩强度低、盐岩蠕变过量、附近有断层、地震、造腔参数控制不当、非均匀地应力、人为操作失误等是层状盐岩中储备库油气渗漏事故的主要致因事件,并据此提出有效措施防止事故发生;通过专家调查法和故障树法的综合分析得出,金坛盐矿5口老腔储库在近10年的运营期内发生油气渗漏事故的概率为0.703%,属于偶发性事故。     

Implementing low-cost landslide risk reduction: a pilot study in unplanned housing areas of the Caribbean

Landslides pose a serious physical and environmental threat to vulnerable communities living in areas of unplanned housing on steep slopes in the Caribbean. Some of these communities have, in the past, had to be relocated, at costs of millions of dollars, because of major slides triggered by tropical storm rainfall. Even so, evidence shows that: (1) risk reduction is a marginal activity; (2) there has been minimal uptake of hazard maps and vulnerability assessments and (3) there is little on-the-ground delivery of construction for risk reduction. This article directly addresses these issues by developing a low-cost approach to the identification of the potential pore pressure changes that trigger such slides we seek to address these three commentaries directly. A complex 45–60° slope site in St Lucia, West Indies was selected as a pilot for a modelling approach that uses numerical models (FLAC and CHASM) to verify the need for surface water management to effectively reduce landslide risk. Following the model confirmation, a series of drains were designed and constructed at the site. Post-construction evidence indicates the methodology to be sound, in that the site was stable in subsequent 1-in-1 to 1-in-4 year rainfall events. A critical feature of the approach is that it is community-based from data acquisition through to community members participating in construction.     

基于AHP法和灰色模式识别理论的海底管道系统路由定量风险评估

根据海底管道路由潜在风险的特点及风险类型,提出了一种将层次分析法（AHP法）和灰色模式识别理论相结合的海底管道系统路由定量风险评估方法,该方法利用AHP确定风险评价指标体系,运用灰色模式识别理论,建立识别结果标准,并结合实际工程进行计算,计算结果表明该方法是可行的.     

高原寒冷地区温拌沥青混合料水稳性能分析

为探讨高原寒冷地区温拌沥青混合料的水稳定性及性能衰变规律,采用多次冻融循环室内试验模拟混合料所处环境温差大、冻融频繁、气温低等特性,选取Aspha-min、Sasobit、Evotherm等不同类型温拌剂拌制混合料,通过冻融劈裂试验、冻融飞散试验等,分析热拌与温拌沥青混合料的水稳性能及其衰变趋势,定量说明频繁的冻融循环对其性能的影响。结果表明：气候因素长期作用下,热拌沥青混合料的水稳性能优于温拌沥青混合料;随着冻融循环次数的增加,混合料的水稳性能均逐渐下降,15~18次冻融循环后,水稳性能趋于稳定,建议在高寒地区选取15次冻融循环作用次数作为沥青混合料水稳性能评价的试验条件;在选取的3种温拌沥青混合料中,Aspha-min温拌沥青混合料的水稳性能最差。     

Record Arctic Ozone Loss in Spring 2020 is Likely Caused by North Pacific Warm Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies

Record ozone loss was observed in the Arctic stratosphere in spring 2020. This study aims to determine what caused the extreme Arctic ozone loss. Observations and simulation results are examined in order to show that the extreme Arctic ozone loss was likely caused by record-high sea surface temperatures(SSTs) in the North Pacific. It is found that the record Arctic ozone loss was associated with the extremely cold and persistent stratospheric polar vortex over February–April, and the extremely cold vortex was a result of anomalously weak planetary wave activity. Further analysis reveals that the weak wave activity can be traced to anomalously warm SSTs in the North Pacific. Both observations and simulations show that warm SST anomalies in the North Pacific could have caused the weakening of wavenumber-1 wave activity, colder Arctic vortex, and lower Arctic ozone. These results suggest that for the present-day level of ozone-depleting substances, severe Arctic ozone loss could form again, as long as certain dynamic conditions are satisfied.     

2017年南丹Ms4.0地震前后重力变化

利用广西及邻区2014~2017年流动重力观测资料,系统分析区域重力场变化及其与2017-07-15广西南丹MS4.0地震的关系,并结合GPS观测数据与地震地质调查成果,探讨区域重力场变化的时空分布特征及机理。结果表明：1）南丹M_S4.0地震前后,震区附近重力异常变化与主干断裂关系密切,反映沿控震断裂在2014~2017年间发生了引起地表重力变化效应的地壳变形和构造活动;2）差分重力图像表明,南丹M_S4.0地震前重力变化为“局部重力异常→四象限重力异常→重力反向变化发震”的过程;3）重力变化与GPS 观测反映的水平运动表明,南丹M_S4.0地震位于重力四象限分布中心部位及面压缩峰值附近,证明重力场和形变场动态变化对中强地震地点预测具有指示意义;4）天峨-南丹-环江一带是重力变化最剧烈地区,亦是水平形变面压缩过渡带,同时位于莫霍面等深线强烈变化地段、M_L3.0地震围空区、沿主断裂存在的低b值异常区。结合地震活动图像、定点前兆观测异常综合分析认为,该地区仍存在发生中强地震的可能。     

珠江口伶仃洋海底表层沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态危害评价

对珠江口伶仃洋海底表层沉积物中重金属的分布规律进行了研究，并利用瑞典科学家Lars Hakanson的潜在生态危害指数法对重金属的生态危害程度进行了评价。研究结果表明，珠江口伶仃洋西岸附近的海底表层沉积物的重金属含量大于伶仃洋东岸附近的海底表层沉积物的重金属含量，重金属Zn、Cu、Cr、Cd、As和Hg的含量总体上表现为由西北向东南逐渐减小。生态危害评价结果显示，研究区内除4个站位为生态危害中等外，其余47个站位为生态危害轻微，海底表层沉积物重金属的污染程度顺序为Cd〉Hg〉Cu〉As〉Pb〉Cr〉Zn．     

预应力锚索锚固力损失与岩土体蠕变耦合效应研究

因预应力锚索锚固力损失而导致锚固失效的工程事故屡屡发生,锚索锚固力损失与岩土体蠕变之间存在复杂的耦合效应关系,建立二者之间的耦合效应模型,确立二者之间的计算关系式,为预应力锚固工程的设计、施工、安全运行管理以及锚固力损失的控制与补偿技术提供理论基础和技术手段。通过理论分析和模型研究,在岩土体常用流变模型基础上建立了基于应变相等的耦合效应计算模型,并进行了模型验证。研究结论：（1）建立了与工程实际相符合的锚索锚固力变化和岩土体蠕变的耦合效应计算模型,正确反映了预应力锚索锚固力损失和岩土体蠕变之间的关系,推导出了其本构方程、松弛方程和蠕变方程,从理论上解决了锚固力变化与岩土体蠕变之间的计算关系。（2）通过耦合效应计算模型的蠕变方程,在材料参数已知的情况下,可以计算出边坡蠕变影响引起的锚索锚固力损失量,并结合实际工程中监测到的锚索应力数据进行对比分析,就能够准确地了解、评价锚索锚固力的异常变化情况,指导实际工程中的设计和施工,保证工程建设过程中的安全性。（3）通过耦合效应计算模型的松弛方程,可以对预应力锚索受力状态的监测数据进行分析整理,通过对锚索锚固力损失量的数据进行反分析,分析岩土体的蠕变参数,根据蠕变介质的材料特性,计算岩土体蠕变量,根据蠕变量判断预应力锚索锚固工程的安全性和可靠性,指导锚固工程的安全运行管理。