对中国农地边际化现象的诊断——以三大粮食作物生产的平均状况为例

在界定农地边际化的本质及其诊断标准的基础上,利用1980²002年的全国农产品成本收益数据,以稻谷、小麦与玉米生产的平均状况为例,对中国农地边际化现象进行了宏观层次的诊断研究。结果表明:近20多年来,在我国农地利用过程中出现过“一次边际化迹象与两次明显的边际化现象”。农地边际化迹象出现在1987年前后,但持续时间短、程度轻,农地“边际化”特征不明显;第一次明显的农地边际化现象出现在1991年前后,第二次发生在1996年以后,后一次边际化现象范围更广、程度更重。我国农地利用过程中集约度的显著下降、播种面积的明显缩小以及严重的农地弃耕撂荒现象均与农地边际化的作用密切相关。用农地边际化理论可以较好地解释近20多年来中国农地利用过程中发生的主要变化。     

人工牧草需水量的模拟计算及其有效性检验

 较高精度的模拟计算作物需水量对制定节水高效灌溉制度、灌溉排水规划和水资源合理配置至关重要。目前模拟计算作物需水量的主要方法有FAO-56双作物系数法、双涌源能量守恒模型、根系层水量平衡模型和SWAP模型。任何方法计算的作物需水量用于生产实践时,都应进行模拟结果的有效性检验。基于灌溉试验数据,应用联合国粮农组织推荐的FAO-56双作物系数法模拟计算了人工牧草——披碱草、冰草的需水量。并采用拟合相关图法、回归分析法和残差估计误差指示法对需水量模拟值进行了有效性检验。拟合相关图法给出统计相关趋势,属定性检验; 回归分析法和残差估计误差指示法给出了模拟值与实测值间的拟合优度和残差估计误差的范围,属定量检验。这种定性定量相结合的方法客观的检验了需水量模拟值与实测值的一致性,经有效性检验后的需水量模拟值可用于生产实践。     

Wild Barley, Hordeum spontaneum, a Genetic Resource for Crop Improvement in Cold and Arid Regions

Food security in cold and arid regions in the world is threatened by stressful and unpredictable environments.The sus-tainable and economically viable solution for increasing stability of food productivity in cold and arid regions is genetic improvement of crops towards high resistance to abiotic stresses,mainly cold and drought resistance.It is often empha-sized that crop genetic improvement lies in exploiting the gene pools of the wild relatives of the crop plant.Wild barley,H.spontaneum,the progenitor of cultivated barley,is a selfing annual grass of predominantly Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian distribution that penetrates into desert environments where it maintains stable populations.Wild barley is also found in cold regions,such as in Tibet.The adaptation of wild barley to the arid region in Israel and Jordan,and the cold region in Tibet has accumulated rich genetic diversities for drought,salt,and cold resistances in wild barley,which is the genetic resource for barley and other crop improvement in arid and cold regions.These genetic diversities are revealed by allozymes,DNA-based molecular markers,and morphological and physiological traits of wild barley plants.Quantita-tive trait loci(QTLs) related to drought resistance were identified in wild barley via the QTL mapping approach.Drought resistance genes such as dehydrins,hsdr4,and eibi1 were identified in wild barley based on the candidate gene approach,gene differential expression approach,and molecular genetic approach,respectively.Genetics and genomics of wild bar-ley cold resistance have not been exploited yet,remaining a huge treasure for future crop improvement of cold resistance.Advanced backcross QTL analysis,the introgression libraries based on wild barley as donors,a QTL approach based on wide crosses using wild barley,and positional cloning of natural QTLs will play prevailing roles to help us understand the molecular control of cold and drought tolerance.Integration of QTL information into a breeding pipeline aimed at im-proving tolerance t     

Soil properties related to land-use systems in oases of Sangong river watershed, Xinjiang

Understanding the effect of human activities on the soil environment is fundamental to understanding global change and sustainable development. In the process of transformation of tropical rain forests and semiarid grasslands to farmlands, land degradation usually occurs. But the transformation of arid desert landscape to oasis is found to have quite different consequences. Taking an alluvial plain oasis in the north piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains as a case study, we investigate oasis soil properties related to different land-use systems during the transformation of arid desert to oases. Selected land-use systems consisted of an annual crop field less than 3 years old, annual crop field 3?6 years old, annual crop field more than 6 years old, perennial crop field less than 4 years old, perennial crop field of 4-6 years old, perennial crop field more than 6 years old, abandoned farmland more than 3 years old, woodland field more than 6 years old, ecological forestation field, natural shrubbery field, desert grass land, and saline or alkaline field. Different land-use systems affect significantly the distribution of sand, silt and clay. Sand content in oasis soil tends to decrease with cultivation years but silt and clay contents tend to be increased in the oasis soils. Soil fertility is higher in the land-use systems under strong human disturbance than under weak human disturbance. Oasis soil nutrients also tend to increase with cultivation years. Soils have a significantly lower salinity in the land-use systems under strong human disturbance than under weak human disturbance. Soil organic matter and nutrients of the annual and perennial crop systems in the oasis tend to increase with cultivation time with the oasis soil acting as a carbon sink. These results show that soils are not degraded and the soil quality is gradually improved under rational land use and scientific management patterns, including uniform exploitation of land resources, effective irrigation systems, sound drainage systems, balanced fertilizer application, crushed straw return to soil and transformation of annual crop fields to perennial ones.     

北京大清河流域生态涵养区富硒土壤资源分布特征和来源解析

北京是典型的硒缺乏地理分布区,但近些年研究成果表明局部地区土壤达到富硒水平,掌握该区富硒分布特征对于开展北京地区的富硒环境研究和开发利用富硒土地资源具有重要意义。本文以北京大清河流域生态涵养区1615km~2地球化学调查数据为基础,采用原子荧光光谱(AFS)等方法测定了研究区1297件表层土壤、25组玉米及对应根系土壤和15件岩石中Se等地球化学指标;利用相关分析、多元统计分析方法,结合GIS技术,研究土壤和农作物中硒含量特征、富硒成因来源以及土壤硒与碳铁磷等其他元素的关系,评价富硒土地的安全性。结果表明:研究区土壤硒含量区间为0.055～0.465mg/kg,背景值为0.257mg/kg,呈现富硒特征,厘定出360.4km~2富硒土地资源。当地种植的玉米硒含量变化范围为0.028～0.70mg/kg,几何均值为0.20mg/kg,80%的玉米样本为富硒农产品,且土壤富硒与作物富硒空间分布一致,指示土壤硒是作物体内硒的重要供给来源。研究认为,地质背景和成土母质是研究区富硒土地资源分布的主控因素,河流相沉积的暗色岩系是重要的土壤硒来源。富硒土地整体环境质量清洁安全,仅3.23km~2(面积占比0.2%)土壤重金属(镉汞铅)含量超风险管控值,在土地开发过程中需重点关注。     

基于Cobb-Douglas生产函数的新疆各地区典型作物生产水足迹驱动因素研究

水资源紧缺是限制我国西北干旱区农业发展的主要瓶颈,正确评估地区农业用水效率及其影响机制,可为提高农业用水效率提供理论依据。以新疆为研究区,基于1988-2015年的长系列数据,分别计算出历年北疆、南疆、东疆典型作物（小麦、棉花）生产水足迹,并采用Cobb-Douglas生产函数定量分析气象因素（年降雨量、年日照时数、年均温度、年均风速、年均湿度）和技术因素（农机总动力、有效灌溉率、化肥施用折纯量）对作物生产水足迹的影响贡献率。结果表明： 1988年至2015年,东疆小麦、棉花生产水足迹显著高于北疆和南疆,在气候变化和技术进步的综合影响下,各地区典型作物生产水足迹逐年降低,其中技术进步对新疆典型作物单产水足迹影响显著高于气候因素,是驱动新疆各地区典型作物生产水足迹变化的主要控制因素。地区尺度上,北疆、南疆、东疆气候变化和农业技术发展均呈现显著的地区差异,总体来看,北疆气候条件最适宜作物生长,东疆气候最为恶劣,北疆、南疆农业技术发展速率整体上高于东疆。     

基于HJ-1A/B CCD数据的河南省平原绿化分析

平原绿化在未来农林发展中具有重要地位。本文利用环境卫星(HJ-1 A/B)多时相数据,选择河南省6月冬小麦收割后的CCD数据,直接去除第二季作物,并利用4月份第一季作物播种前的CCD数据,剔除了一季作物,以及[(NDVI_4月≥0.22)与(NDVI_6月≥0.35)]提取平原绿化的信息,其与26个主要城市城区绿化信息进行的相关分析达到显著水平(R²=0.9166)。因此,该区的平原绿化解译效果好,而南部信阳市以一季水稻为主的地区及“水稻-冬小麦”过渡区,解译效果较差。除信阳外,由HJ-1卫星解译的河南平原绿化总面积6909.8 km²,占2010年河南省森林面积20.53%。     

Multidecadal changes in moisture condition during climatic growing period of crops in Northeast China

Investigating the spatiotemporal dynamics of agricultural water status during crop growth season can provide scientific evidences for more efficient use of water resources and sustainable development of agricultural production under climate change. In this study, the following were used to evaluate the multidecadal changes in moisture condition during climatic growth period of crops in Northeast China from 1961 to 2010: (1) the daily climate variables gathered from 101 meteorological stations in Northeast China for 1961–2010; (2) FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) Penman–Monteith equation; (3) 80% guaranteed probability for agro-climatic indicators; and (4) the daily average temperature stably passing 0 °C, which is the threshold temperature of climatic growth period for crops. Reference crop evapotranspiration (ET₀) and relative moisture index were further calculated. The results showed that Northeast China’s climate in the main agricultural areas over the past 50 years was warmer and drier in general, with a growing range and intensity of drought. From 1961 to 2010, when the daily average temperature stably passed 0 °C, the average annual total precipitation (P) and ET₀ with 80% guaranteed probability in Northeast China both emerged as decreasing trends with averages of 555.0 mm and 993.7 mm, respectively. However, the decline in P was greater than that of annual total ET₀. As a result, the annual relative moisture indices sharply decreased with an average of −0.44, mostly fluctuating from −0.59 to −0.25. As far as spatial distributions were concerned, the inter-regional reductions in P and relative moisture index over the past 50 years were conspicuous, especially in some agricultural areas of central Heilongjiang Province, northeastern Jilin Province and northeastern Liaoning Province. On the contrary, ET₀ obviously increased in some agricultural areas of central and northwestern Heilongjiang Province (eg. Qiqiha’er, Shuangyashan, Hegang, Suihua, etc.), and northeastern Jilin Province (eg. Baicheng). This indicated that drought existed and was unfavorable for crop growth and development, especially during the period of 2001–2010. This finding revealed that drought was still one of the most important agricultural meteorological disasters in Northeast China. Some countermeasures should be formulated to adapt to climate change. Our findings have important implications for improving climate change impact studies, for breeding scientists to breed higher yielding cultivars, and for agricultural production to cope with ongoing climate change.     

多星数据协同的地块尺度作物分类与面积估算方法研究

为了解决多云雨地区遥感数据时空覆盖缺失的问题,以满足对地块尺度作物种植信息日益迫切的应用需求,本文在遥感图谱认知理论框架下发展了一种基于多星数据协同的地块尺度作物识别与面积估算方法。首先,基于米级高分辨率影像提取农田地块对象;其次,通过对多源中分辨率时序影像的有效化处理和指数计算,获取“碎片化”的高时空覆盖有效数据,并以地块对象为单元构建时间序列;然后,在时序分析基础上,建立多维特征空间,结合作物生长物候特征,构建决策树模型进行作物分类识别与面积计算;最后,以湖南省宁远县为研究区开展了水稻种植信息的提取实验。结果表明：本文方法可在农田地块尺度下实现不同水稻类型的准确识别及其种植面积的精细提取,早、中、晚稻的用户精度分别可达94.33%、90.76%和95.95%,总体分类精度为92.51%,Kappa系数为0.90;早、中、晚稻面积提取精度分别为93.37%、91.23%和95.42%。试验结果证明了本文方法的有效性,为其他作物种植信息的精细提取提供了借鉴。     

Budyko方程和单作物系数法在区域蒸散发估算中的耦合及应用

实际蒸散发(ET)是水文循环的关键环节,分布式量化ET是区域水量平衡计算的重要内容。本文基于Budyko水热耦合方程推算单作物系数,在单作物系数和基于遥感方法的叶面积指数(LAI)之间进行统计回归,建立计算LAI的模式,实现Budyko方程进行区域ET估算的空间分辨率提升。洮河流域的范例研究证实了两种方法耦合在复杂地理-生态区间应用的合理性。本文为区域ET的分布式量化研究提供了一种新的思路。